Silberfisch Antik Ornament Figur Koi Karpfen Alt Angeln Vintage Anglerboot

EUR 55,55 Sofort-Kaufen oder Preisvorschlag, EUR 27,76 Versand, 30-Tag Rücknahmen, eBay-Käuferschutz
Verkäufer: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3.714) 99.9%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 276226164497 Silberfisch Antik Ornament Figur Koi Karpfen Alt Angeln Vintage Anglerboot.   Silver Fish Letter Holder

230 mm Silver Fish with a slit so it can hold letters

Would make excellent addition to any desk 

I cannot see any hall marks so I assume it is only silver plated but it is not magnetic

The dimensions are 230 mm x 10 mm x 40 mm and it weighs 286 grams

A wonderful collection for anyone who loves fish or fishing

Would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop.

It is in Very good  condition  for its age Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the fish  justice it looks a lot better in real life
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Living species range from the primitive jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Most fish species are cold-blooded; however, one species, the opah (Lampris guttatus), is warm-blooded. lamprey lamprey tiger shark tiger shark The term fish is applied to a variety of vertebrates of several evolutionary lines. It describes a life-form rather than a taxonomic group. As members of the phylum Chordata, fish share certain features with other vertebrates. These features are gill slits at some point in the life cycle, a notochord, or skeletal supporting rod, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a tail. Living fishes represent some five classes, which are as distinct from one another as are the four classes of familiar air-breathing animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For example, the jawless fishes (Agnatha) have gills in pouches and lack limb girdles. Extant agnathans are the lampreys and the hagfishes. As the name implies, the skeletons of fishes of the class Chondrichthyes (from chondr, “cartilage,” and ichthyes, “fish”) are made entirely of cartilage. Modern fish of this class lack a swim bladder, and their scales and teeth are made up of the same placoid material. Sharks, skates, and rays are examples of cartilaginous fishes. The bony fishes are by far the largest class. Examples range from the tiny seahorse to the 450-kg (1,000-pound) blue marlin, from the flattened soles and flounders to the boxy puffers and ocean sunfishes. Unlike the scales of the cartilaginous fishes, those of bony fishes, when present, grow throughout life and are made up of thin overlapping plates of bone. Bony fishes also have an operculum that covers the gill slits. commercial fishing commercial fishing opah (Lampris guttatus) opah (Lampris guttatus) The study of fishes, the science of ichthyology, is of broad importance. Fishes are of interest to humans for many reasons, the most important being their relationship with and dependence on the environment. A more obvious reason for interest in fishes is their role as a moderate but important part of the world’s food supply. This resource, once thought unlimited, is now realized to be finite and in delicate balance with the biological, chemical, and physical factors of the aquatic environment. Overfishing, pollution, and alteration of the environment are the chief enemies of proper fisheries management, both in fresh waters and in the ocean. (For a detailed discussion of the technology and economics of fisheries, see commercial fishing.) Another practical reason for studying fishes is their use in disease control. As predators on mosquito larvae, they help curb malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Fishes are valuable laboratory animals in many aspects of medical and biological research. For example, the readiness of many fishes to acclimate to captivity has allowed biologists to study behaviour, physiology, and even ecology under relatively natural conditions. Fishes have been especially important in the study of animal behaviour, where research on fishes has provided a broad base for the understanding of the more flexible behaviour of the higher vertebrates. The zebra fish is used as a model in studies of gene expression. Lion (panthera leo) Britannica Quiz Deadliest Animals Quiz Do you know which species of shark is most likely to attack a human? Or what animal has the strongest bite? harlequin fish harlequin fish pencil fish pencil fish There are aesthetic and recreational reasons for an interest in fishes. Millions of people keep live fishes in home aquariums for the simple pleasure of observing the beauty and behaviour of animals otherwise unfamiliar to them. Aquarium fishes provide a personal challenge to many aquarists, allowing them to test their ability to keep a small section of the natural environment in their homes. Sportfishing is another way of enjoying the natural environment, also indulged in by millions of people every year. Interest in aquarium fishes and sportfishing supports multimillion-dollar industries throughout the world. General features Structural diversity oyster toadfish oyster toadfish Fishes have been in existence for more than 450 million years, during which time they have evolved repeatedly to fit into almost every conceivable type of aquatic habitat. In a sense, land vertebrates are simply highly modified fishes: when fishes colonized the land habitat, they became tetrapod (four-legged) land vertebrates. The popular conception of a fish as a slippery, streamlined aquatic animal that possesses fins and breathes by gills applies to many fishes, but far more fishes deviate from that conception than conform to it. For example, the body is elongate in many forms and greatly shortened in others; the body is flattened in some (principally in bottom-dwelling fishes) and laterally compressed in many others; the fins may be elaborately extended, forming intricate shapes, or they may be reduced or even lost; and the positions of the mouth, eyes, nostrils, and gill openings vary widely. Air breathers have appeared in several evolutionary lines. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Many fishes are cryptically coloured and shaped, closely matching their respective environments; others are among the most brilliantly coloured of all organisms, with a wide range of hues, often of striking intensity, on a single individual. The brilliance of pigments may be enhanced by the surface structure of the fish, so that it almost seems to glow. A number of unrelated fishes have actual light-producing organs. Many fishes are able to alter their coloration—some for the purpose of camouflage, others for the enhancement of behavioral signals. Fishes range in adult length from less than 10 mm (0.4 inch) to more than 20 metres (60 feet) and in weight from about 1.5 grams (less than 0.06 ounce) to many thousands of kilograms. Some live in shallow thermal springs at temperatures slightly above 42 °C (100 °F), others in cold Arctic seas a few degrees below 0 °C (32 °F) or in cold deep waters more than 4,000 metres (13,100 feet) beneath the ocean surface. The structural and, especially, the physiological adaptations for life at such extremes are relatively poorly known and provide the scientifically curious with great incentive for study. Distribution and abundance Discover how fish survive winter in frozen lakes Discover how fish survive winter in frozen lakes See all videos for this article Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes, such as the Dead Sea in Asia and the Great Salt Lake in North America. The present distribution of fishes is a result of the geological history and development of Earth as well as the ability of fishes to undergo evolutionary change and to adapt to the available habitats. Fishes may be seen to be distributed according to habitat and according to geographical area. Major habitat differences are marine and freshwater. For the most part, the fishes in a marine habitat differ from those in a freshwater habitat, even in adjacent areas, but some, such as the salmon, migrate from one to the other. The freshwater habitats may be seen to be of many kinds. Fishes found in mountain torrents, Arctic lakes, tropical lakes, temperate streams, and tropical rivers will all differ from each other, both in obvious gross structure and in physiological attributes. Even in closely adjacent habitats where, for example, a tropical mountain torrent enters a lowland stream, the fish fauna will differ. The marine habitats can be divided into deep ocean floors (benthic), mid-water oceanic (bathypelagic), surface oceanic (pelagic), rocky coast, sandy coast, muddy shores, bays, estuaries, and others. Also, for example, rocky coastal shores in tropical and temperate regions will have different fish faunas, even when such habitats occur along the same coastline. Although much is known about the present geographical distribution of fishes, far less is known about how that distribution came about. Many parts of the fish fauna of the fresh waters of North America and Eurasia are related and undoubtedly have a common origin. The faunas of Africa and South America are related, extremely old, and probably an expression of the drifting apart of the two continents. The fauna of southern Asia is related to that of Central Asia, and some of it appears to have entered Africa. The extremely large shore-fish faunas of the Indian and tropical Pacific oceans comprise a related complex, but the tropical shore fauna of the Atlantic, although containing Indo-Pacific components, is relatively limited and probably younger. The Arctic and Antarctic marine faunas are quite different from each other. The shore fauna of the North Pacific is quite distinct, and that of the North Atlantic more limited and probably younger. Pelagic oceanic fishes, especially those in deep waters, are similar the world over, showing little geographical isolation in terms of family groups. The deep oceanic habitat is very much the same throughout the world, but species differences do exist, showing geographical areas determined by oceanic currents and water masses. Natural history Life history All aspects of the life of a fish are closely correlated with adaptation to the total environment, physical, chemical, and biological. In studies, all the interdependent aspects of fish, such as behaviour, locomotion, reproduction, and physical and physiological characteristics, must be taken into account. Correlated with their adaptation to an extremely wide variety of habitats is the extremely wide variety of life cycles that fishes display. The great majority hatch from relatively small eggs a few days to several weeks or more after the eggs are scattered in the water. Newly hatched young are still partially undeveloped and are called larvae until body structures such as fins, skeleton, and some organs are fully formed. Larval life is often very short, usually less than a few weeks, but it can be very long, some lampreys continuing as larvae for at least five years. Young and larval fishes, before reaching sexual maturity, must grow considerably, and their small size and other factors often dictate that they live in a habitat different than that of the adults. For example, most tropical marine shore fishes have pelagic larvae. Larval food also is different, and larval fishes often live in shallow waters, where they may be less exposed to predators. After a fish reaches adult size, the length of its life is subject to many factors, such as innate rates of aging, predation pressure, and the nature of the local climate. The longevity of a species in the protected environment of an aquarium may have nothing to do with how long members of that species live in the wild. Many small fishes live only one to three years at the most. In some species, however, individuals may live as long as 10 or 20 or even 100 years. Behaviour Explore the adaptions of ray-finned fish species such as seahorses, filefish, jawfish, pipefish, and boxfish Explore the adaptions of ray-finned fish species such as seahorses, filefish, jawfish, pipefish, and boxfish See all videos for this article Fish behaviour is a complicated and varied subject. As in almost all animals with a central nervous system, the nature of a response of an individual fish to stimuli from its environment depends upon the inherited characteristics of its nervous system, on what it has learned from past experience, and on the nature of the stimuli. Compared with the variety of human responses, however, that of a fish is stereotyped, not subject to much modification by “thought” or learning, and investigators must guard against anthropomorphic interpretations of fish behaviour. See how sea creatures have evolved different adaptations to both catch prey and avoid becoming prey See how sea creatures have evolved different adaptations to both catch prey and avoid becoming prey See all videos for this article Fishes perceive the world around them by the usual senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste and by special lateral line water-current detectors. In the few fishes that generate electric fields, a process that might best be called electrolocation aids in perception. One or another of these senses often is emphasized at the expense of others, depending upon the fish’s other adaptations. In fishes with large eyes, the sense of smell may be reduced; others, with small eyes, hunt and feed primarily by smell (such as some eels). Examine commensalism among fish species such as shrimp, the neon goby, and moray eels Examine commensalism among fish species such as shrimp, the neon goby, and moray eels See all videos for this article Specialized behaviour is primarily concerned with the three most important activities in the fish’s life: feeding, reproduction, and escape from enemies. Schooling behaviour of sardines on the high seas, for instance, is largely a protective device to avoid enemies, but it is also associated with and modified by their breeding and feeding requirements. Predatory fishes are often solitary, lying in wait to dart suddenly after their prey, a kind of locomotion impossible for beaked parrot fishes, which feed on coral, swimming in small groups from one coral head to the next. In addition, some predatory fishes that inhabit pelagic environments, such as tunas, often school. Sleep in fishes, all of which lack true eyelids, consists of a seemingly listless state in which the fish maintains its balance but moves slowly. If attacked or disturbed, most can dart away. A few kinds of fishes lie on the bottom to sleep. Most catfishes, some loaches, and some eels and electric fishes are strictly nocturnal, being active and hunting for food during the night and retiring during the day to holes, thick vegetation, or other protective parts of the environment. Humpback whale breaching out of the ocean. (sea mammal; ocean mammal) Britannica Quiz Fishes vs. Mammals Fishes and mammals are obviously different, right? Then you should have no problem acing this quiz. Test your knowledge about the differences between fishes and mammals. Communication between members of a species or between members of two or more species often is extremely important, especially in breeding behaviour (see below Reproduction). The mode of communication may be visual, as between the small so-called cleaner fish and a large fish of a very different species. The larger fish often allows the cleaner to enter its mouth to remove gill parasites. The cleaner is recognized by its distinctive colour and actions and therefore is not eaten, even if the larger fish is normally a predator. Communication is often chemical, signals being sent by specific chemicals called pheromones. Locomotion tropical two-wing flying fish tropical two-wing flying fish Many fishes have a streamlined body and swim freely in open water. Fish locomotion is closely correlated with habitat and ecological niche (the general position of the animal to its environment). mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Many fishes in both marine and fresh waters swim at the surface and have mouths adapted to feed best (and sometimes only) at the surface. Often such fishes are long and slender, able to dart at surface insects or at other surface fishes and in turn to dart away from predators; needlefishes, halfbeaks, and topminnows (such as killifish and mosquito fish) are good examples. Oceanic flying fishes escape their predators by gathering speed above the water surface, with the lower lobe of the tail providing thrust in the water. They then glide hundreds of yards on enlarged, winglike pectoral and pelvic fins. South American freshwater flying fishes escape their enemies by jumping and propelling their strongly keeled bodies out of the water. bluefin tuna bluefin tuna rainbow trout rainbow trout angelfish angelfish So-called mid-water swimmers, the most common type of fish, are of many kinds and live in many habitats. The powerful fusiform tunas and the trouts, for example, are adapted for strong, fast swimming, the tunas to capture prey speedily in the open ocean and the trouts to cope with the swift currents of streams and rivers. The trout body form is well adapted to many habitats. Fishes that live in relatively quiet waters such as bays or lake shores or slow rivers usually are not strong, fast swimmers but are capable of short, quick bursts of speed to escape a predator. Many of these fishes have their sides flattened, examples being the sunfish and the freshwater angelfish of aquarists. Fish associated with the bottom or substrate usually are slow swimmers. Open-water plankton-feeding fishes almost always remain fusiform and are capable of rapid, strong movement (for example, sardines and herrings of the open ocean and also many small minnows of streams and lakes). southern stingray (Dasyatis americana or Hypanus americanus) southern stingray (Dasyatis americana or Hypanus americanus) mudskipper mudskipper Bottom-living fishes are of many kinds and have undergone many types of modification of their body shape and swimming habits. Rays, which evolved from strong-swimming mid-water sharks, usually stay close to the bottom and move by undulating their large pectoral fins. Flounders live in a similar habitat and move over the bottom by undulating the entire body. Many bottom fishes dart from place to place, resting on the bottom between movements, a motion common in gobies. One goby relative, the mudskipper, has taken to living at the edge of pools along the shore of muddy mangrove swamps. It escapes its enemies by flipping rapidly over the mud, out of the water. Some catfishes, synbranchid eels, the so-called climbing perch, and a few other fishes venture out over damp ground to find more promising waters than those that they left. They move by wriggling their bodies, sometimes using strong pectoral fins; most have accessory air-breathing organs. Many bottom-dwelling fishes live in mud holes or rocky crevices. Marine eels and gobies commonly are found in such habitats and for the most part venture far beyond their cavelike homes. Some bottom dwellers, such as the clingfishes (Gobiesocidae), have developed powerful adhesive disks that enable them to remain in place on the substrate in areas such as rocky coasts, where the action of the waves is great. terrestrial hot spots of biodiversity Read More on This Topic conservation: Freshwater fish Some of the changes to North America’s rivers that threaten their native bivalves have also seriously harmed the continent’s freshwater... Reproduction Follow the development of rice-paddy fish from fertilization to hatching in a laboratory setting Follow the development of rice-paddy fish from fertilization to hatching in a laboratory setting See all videos for this article The methods of reproduction in fishes are varied, but most fishes lay a large number of small eggs, fertilized and scattered outside of the body. The eggs of pelagic fishes usually remain suspended in the open water. Many shore and freshwater fishes lay eggs on the bottom or among plants. Some have adhesive eggs. The mortality of the young and especially of the eggs is very high, and often only a few individuals grow to maturity out of hundreds, thousands, and in some cases millions of eggs laid. Males produce sperm, usually as a milky white substance called milt, in two (sometimes one) testes within the body cavity. In bony fishes a sperm duct leads from each testis to a urogenital opening behind the vent or anus. In sharks and rays and in cyclostomes the duct leads to a cloaca. Sometimes the pelvic fins are modified to help transmit the milt to the eggs at the female’s vent or on the substrate where the female has placed them. Sometimes accessory organs are used to fertilize females internally—for example, the claspers of many sharks and rays. In the females the eggs are formed in two ovaries (sometimes only one) and pass through the ovaries to the urogenital opening and to the outside. In some fishes the eggs are fertilized internally but are shed before development takes place. Members of about a dozen families each of bony fishes (teleosts) and sharks bear live young. Many skates and rays also bear live young. In some bony fishes the eggs simply develop within the female, the young emerging when the eggs hatch (ovoviviparous). Others develop within the ovary and are nourished by ovarian tissues after hatching (viviparous). There are also other methods utilized by fishes to nourish young within the female. In all live-bearers the young are born at a relatively large size and are few in number. In one family of primarily marine fishes, the surfperches from the Pacific coast of North America, Japan, and Korea, the males of at least one species are born sexually mature, although they are not fully grown. Some fishes are hermaphroditic—an individual producing both sperm and eggs, usually at different stages of its life. Self-fertilization, however, is probably rare. Successful reproduction and, in many cases, defense of the eggs and the young are assured by rather stereotypical but often elaborate courtship and parental behaviour, either by the male or the female or both. Some fishes prepare nests by hollowing out depressions in the sand bottom (cichlids, for example), build nests with plant materials and sticky threads excreted by the kidneys (sticklebacks), or blow a cluster of mucus-covered bubbles at the water surface (gouramis). The eggs are laid in these structures. Some varieties of cichlids and catfishes incubate eggs in their mouths. Some fishes, such as salmon, undergo long migrations from the ocean and up large rivers to spawn in the gravel beds where they themselves hatched (anadromous fishes). Some, such as the freshwater eels (family Anguillidae), live and grow to maturity in fresh water and migrate to the sea to spawn (catadromous fishes). Other fishes undertake shorter migrations from lakes into streams, within the ocean, or enter spawning habitats that they do not ordinarily occupy in other ways. Form and function Body plan internal structure of fishes internal structure of fishes The basic structure and function of the fish body are similar to those of all other vertebrates. The usual four types of tissues are present: surface or epithelial, connective (bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissues, as well as their derivative, blood), nerve, and muscle tissues. In addition, the fish’s organs and organ systems parallel those of other vertebrates. Study the roles of a fish's scales, swim bladder, and gills in its respiratory system Study the roles of a fish's scales, swim bladder, and gills in its respiratory system See all videos for this article The typical fish body is streamlined and spindle-shaped, with an anterior head, a gill apparatus, and a heart, the latter lying in the midline just below the gill chamber. The body cavity, containing the vital organs, is situated behind the head in the lower anterior part of the body. The anus usually marks the posterior termination of the body cavity and most often occurs just in front of the base of the anal fin. The spinal cord and vertebral column continue from the posterior part of the head to the base of the tail fin, passing dorsal to the body cavity and through the caudal (tail) region behind the body cavity. Most of the body is of muscular tissue, a high proportion of which is necessitated by swimming. In the course of evolution this basic body plan has been modified repeatedly into the many varieties of fish shapes that exist today. The skeleton forms an integral part of the fish’s locomotion system, as well as serving to protect vital parts. The internal skeleton consists of the skull bones (except for the roofing bones of the head, which are really part of the external skeleton), the vertebral column, and the fin supports (fin rays). The fin supports are derived from the external skeleton but will be treated here because of their close functional relationship to the internal skeleton. The internal skeleton of cyclostomes, sharks, and rays is of cartilage; that of many fossil groups and some primitive living fishes is mostly of cartilage but may include some bone. In place of the vertebral column, the earliest vertebrates had a fully developed notochord, a flexible stiff rod of viscous cells surrounded by a strong fibrous sheath. During the evolution of modern fishes the rod was replaced in part by cartilage and then by ossified cartilage. Sharks and rays retain a cartilaginous vertebral column; bony fishes have spool-shaped vertebrae that in the more primitive living forms only partially replace the notochord. The skull, including the gill arches and jaws of bony fishes, is fully, or at least partially, ossified. That of sharks and rays remains cartilaginous, at times partially replaced by calcium deposits but never by true bone. hairyfish hairyfish The supportive elements of the fins (basal or radial bones or both) have changed greatly during fish evolution. Some of these changes are described in the section below (Evolution and paleontology). Most fishes possess a single dorsal fin on the midline of the back. Many have two and a few have three dorsal fins. The other fins are the single tail and anal fins and paired pelvic and pectoral fins. A small fin, the adipose fin, with hairlike fin rays, occurs in many of the relatively primitive teleosts (such as trout) on the back near the base of the caudal fin. The skin The skin of a fish must serve many functions. It aids in maintaining the osmotic balance, provides physical protection for the body, is the site of coloration, contains sensory receptors, and, in some fishes, functions in respiration. Mucous glands, which aid in maintaining the water balance and offer protection from bacteria, are extremely numerous in fish skin, especially in cyclostomes and teleosts. Since mucous glands are present in the modern lampreys, it is reasonable to assume that they were present in primitive fishes, such as the ancient Silurian and Devonian agnathans. Protection from abrasion and predation is another function of the fish skin, and dermal (skin) bone arose early in fish evolution in response to this need. It is thought that bone first evolved in skin and only later invaded the cartilaginous areas of the fish’s body, to provide additional support and protection. There is some argument as to which came first, cartilage or bone, and fossil evidence does not settle the question. In any event, dermal bone has played an important part in fish evolution and has different characteristics in different groups of fishes. Several groups are characterized at least in part by the kind of bony scales they possess. Scales have played an important part in the evolution of fishes. Primitive fishes usually had thick bony plates or thick scales in several layers of bone, enamel, and related substances. Modern teleost fishes have scales of bone, which, while still protective, allow much more freedom of motion in the body. A few modern teleosts (some catfishes, sticklebacks, and others) have secondarily acquired bony plates in the skin. Modern and early sharks possessed placoid scales, a relatively primitive type of scale with a toothlike structure, consisting of an outside layer of enamel-like substance (vitrodentine), an inner layer of dentine, and a pulp cavity containing nerves and blood vessels. Primitive bony fishes had thick scales of either the ganoid or the cosmoid type. Cosmoid scales have a hard, enamel-like outer layer, an inner layer of cosmine (a form of dentine), and then a layer of vascular bone (isopedine). In ganoid scales the hard outer layer is different chemically and is called ganoin. Under this is a cosminelike layer and then a vascular bony layer. The thin, translucent bony scales of modern fishes, called cycloid and ctenoid (the latter distinguished by serrations at the edges), lack enameloid and dentine layers. Skin has several other functions in fishes. It is well supplied with nerve endings and presumably receives tactile, thermal, and pain stimuli. Skin is also well supplied with blood vessels. Some fishes breathe in part through the skin, by the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surrounding water and numerous small blood vessels near the skin surface. rosy rockfish rosy rockfish Skin serves as protection through the control of coloration. Fishes exhibit an almost limitless range of colours. The colours often blend closely with the surroundings, effectively hiding the animal. Many fishes use bright colours for territorial advertisement or as recognition marks for other members of their own species, or sometimes for members of other species. Many fishes can change their colour to a greater or lesser degree, by movement of pigment within the pigment cells (chromatophores). Black pigment cells (melanophores), of almost universal occurrence in fishes, are often juxtaposed with other pigment cells. When placed beneath iridocytes or leucophores (bearing the silvery or white pigment guanine), melanophores produce structural colours of blue and green. These colours are often extremely intense, because they are formed by refraction of light through the needlelike crystals of guanine. The blue and green refracted colours are often relatively pure, lacking the red and yellow rays, which have been absorbed by the black pigment (melanin) of the melanophores. Yellow, orange, and red colours are produced by erythrophores, cells containing the appropriate carotenoid pigments. Other colours are produced by combinations of melanophores, erythrophores, and iridocytes. The muscle system The major portion of the body of most fishes consists of muscles. Most of the mass is trunk musculature, the fin muscles usually being relatively small. The caudal fin is usually the most powerful fin, being moved by the trunk musculature. The body musculature is usually arranged in rows of chevron-shaped segments on each side. Contractions of these segments, each attached to adjacent vertebrae and vertebral processes, bends the body on the vertebral joint, producing successive undulations of the body, passing from the head to the tail, and producing driving strokes of the tail. It is the latter that provides the strong forward movement for most fishes. The digestive system The digestive system, in a functional sense, starts at the mouth, with the teeth used to capture prey or collect plant foods. Mouth shape and tooth structure vary greatly in fishes, depending on the kind of food normally eaten. Most fishes are predacious, feeding on small invertebrates or other fishes and have simple conical teeth on the jaws, on at least some of the bones of the roof of the mouth, and on special gill arch structures just in front of the esophagus. The latter are throat teeth. Most predacious fishes swallow their prey whole, and the teeth are used for grasping and holding prey, for orienting prey to be swallowed (head first) and for working the prey toward the esophagus. There are a variety of tooth types in fishes. Some fishes, such as sharks and piranhas, have cutting teeth for biting chunks out of their victims. A shark’s tooth, although superficially like that of a piranha, appears in many respects to be a modified scale, while that of the piranha is like that of other bony fishes, consisting of dentine and enamel. Parrot fishes have beaklike mouths with short incisor-like teeth for breaking off coral and have heavy pavementlike throat teeth for crushing the coral. Some catfishes have small brushlike teeth, arranged in rows on the jaws, for scraping plant and animal growth from rocks. Many fishes (such as the Cyprinidae or minnows) have no jaw teeth at all but have very strong throat teeth. Some fishes gather planktonic food by straining it from their gill cavities with numerous elongate stiff rods (gill rakers) anchored by one end to the gill bars. The food collected on these rods is passed to the throat, where it is swallowed. Most fishes have only short gill rakers that help keep food particles from escaping out the mouth cavity into the gill chamber. Once reaching the throat, food enters a short, often greatly distensible esophagus, a simple tube with a muscular wall leading into a stomach. The stomach varies greatly in fishes, depending upon the diet. In most predacious fishes it is a simple straight or curved tube or pouch with a muscular wall and a glandular lining. Food is largely digested there and leaves the stomach in liquid form. Between the stomach and the intestine, ducts enter the digestive tube from the liver and pancreas. The liver is a large, clearly defined organ. The pancreas may be embedded in it, diffused through it, or broken into small parts spread along some of the intestine. The junction between the stomach and the intestine is marked by a muscular valve. Pyloric ceca (blind sacs) occur in some fishes at this junction and have a digestive or absorptive function or both. The intestine itself is quite variable in length, depending upon the fish’s diet. It is short in predacious forms, sometimes no longer than the body cavity, but long in herbivorous forms, being coiled and several times longer than the entire length of the fish in some species of South American catfishes. The intestine is primarily an organ for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. The larger its internal surface, the greater its absorptive efficiency, and a spiral valve is one method of increasing its absorption surface. Sharks, rays, chimaeras, lungfishes, surviving chondrosteans, holosteans, and even a few of the more primitive teleosts have a spiral valve or at least traces of it in the intestine. Most modern teleosts have increased the area of the intestinal walls by having numerous folds and villi (fingerlike projections) somewhat like those in humans. Undigested substances are passed to the exterior through the anus in most teleost fishes. In lungfishes, sharks, and rays, it is first passed through the cloaca, a common cavity receiving the intestinal opening and the ducts from the urogenital system. The respiratory system Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water, and most fishes exchange dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water by means of the gills. The gills lie behind and to the side of the mouth cavity and consist of fleshy filaments supported by the gill arches and filled with blood vessels, which give gills a bright red colour. Water taken in continuously through the mouth passes backward between the gill bars and over the gill filaments, where the exchange of gases takes place. The gills are protected by a gill cover in teleosts and many other fishes but by flaps of skin in sharks, rays, and some of the older fossil fish groups. The blood capillaries in the gill filaments are close to the gill surface to take up oxygen from the water and to give up excess carbon dioxide to the water. Most modern fishes have a hydrostatic (ballast) organ, called the swim bladder, that lies in the body cavity just below the kidney and above the stomach and intestine. It originated as a diverticulum of the digestive canal. In advanced teleosts, especially the acanthopterygians, the bladder has lost its connection with the digestive tract, a condition called physoclistic. The connection has been retained (physostomous) by many relatively primitive teleosts. In several unrelated lines of fishes, the bladder has become specialized as a lung or, at least, as a highly vascularized accessory breathing organ. Some fishes with such accessory organs are obligate air breathers and will drown if denied access to the surface, even in well-oxygenated water. Fishes with a hydrostatic form of swim bladder can control their depth by regulating the amount of gas in the bladder. The gas, mostly oxygen, is secreted into the bladder by special glands, rendering the fish more buoyant; the gas is absorbed into the bloodstream by another special organ, reducing the overall buoyancy and allowing the fish to sink. Some deep-sea fishes may have oils, rather than gas, in the bladder. Other deep-sea and some bottom-living forms have much-reduced swim bladders or have lost the organ entirely. The swim bladder of fishes follows the same developmental pattern as the lungs of land vertebrates. There is no doubt that the two structures have the same historical origin in primitive fishes. More or less intermediate forms still survive among the more primitive types of fishes, such as the lungfishes Lepidosiren and Protopterus. The circulatory system The circulatory, or blood vascular, system consists of the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. It is in the capillaries that the interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and other substances such as hormones and waste products takes place. The capillaries lead to the veins, which return the venous blood with its waste products to the heart, kidneys, and gills. There are two kinds of capillary beds: those in the gills and those in the rest of the body. The heart, a folded continuous muscular tube with three or four saclike enlargements, undergoes rhythmic contractions and receives venous blood in a sinus venosus. It passes the blood to an auricle and then into a thick muscular pump, the ventricle. From the ventricle the blood goes to a bulbous structure at the base of a ventral aorta just below the gills. The blood passes to the afferent (receiving) arteries of the gill arches and then to the gill capillaries. There waste gases are given off to the environment, and oxygen is absorbed. The oxygenated blood enters efferent (exuant) arteries of the gill arches and then flows into the dorsal aorta. From there blood is distributed to the tissues and organs of the body. One-way valves prevent backflow. The circulation of fishes thus differs from that of the reptiles, birds, and mammals in that oxygenated blood is not returned to the heart prior to distribution to the other parts of the body. Excretory organs The primary excretory organ in fishes, as in other vertebrates, is the kidney. In fishes some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is given off). Compared with land vertebrates, fishes have a special problem in maintaining their internal environment at a constant concentration of water and dissolved substances, such as salts. Proper balance of the internal environment (homeostasis) of a fish is in a great part maintained by the excretory system, especially the kidney. osmotic regulation in teleost fishes osmotic regulation in teleost fishes The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish’s internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts than they can have inside their body and still maintain life. Freshwater fishes, on the other hand, live in water with a much lower concentration of salts than they require inside their bodies. Osmosis tends to promote the loss of water from the body of a marine fish and absorption of water by that of a freshwater fish. Mucus in the skin tends to slow the process but is not a sufficient barrier to prevent the movement of fluids through the permeable skin. When solutions on two sides of a permeable membrane have different concentrations of dissolved substances, water will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution, while the dissolved chemicals move into the area of lower concentration (diffusion). The kidney of freshwater fishes is often larger in relation to body weight than that of marine fishes. In both groups the kidney excretes wastes from the body, but the kidney of freshwater fishes also excretes large amounts of water, counteracting the water absorbed through the skin. Freshwater fishes tend to lose salt to the environment and must replace it. They get some salt from their food, but the gills and skin inside the mouth actively absorb salt from water passed through the mouth. This absorption is performed by special cells capable of moving salts against the diffusion gradient. Freshwater fishes drink very little water and take in little water with their food. Marine fishes must conserve water, and therefore their kidneys excrete little water. To maintain their water balance, marine fishes drink large quantities of seawater, retaining most of the water and excreting the salt. Most nitrogenous waste in marine fishes appears to be secreted by the gills as ammonia. Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of special cells (chloride cells) in the gills. There are several teleosts—for example, the salmon—that travel between fresh water and seawater and must adjust to the reversal of osmotic gradients. They adjust their physiological processes by spending time (often surprisingly little time) in the intermediate brackish environment. Marine hagfishes, sharks, and rays have osmotic concentrations in their blood about equal to that of seawater and so do not have to drink water nor perform much physiological work to maintain their osmotic balance. In sharks and rays the osmotic concentration is kept high by retention of urea in the blood. Freshwater sharks have a lowered concentration of urea in the blood. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream and body tissues and, along with the central nervous system, control and regulate many kinds of body functions. Cyclostomes have a well-developed endocrine system, and presumably it was well developed in the early Agnatha, ancestral to modern fishes. Although the endocrine system in fishes is similar to that of higher vertebrates, there are numerous differences in detail. The pituitary, the thyroid, the suprarenals, the adrenals, the pancreatic islets, the sex glands (ovaries and testes), the inner wall of the intestine, and the bodies of the ultimobranchial gland make up the endocrine system in fishes. There are some others whose function is not well understood. These organs regulate sexual activity and reproduction, growth, osmotic pressure, general metabolic activities such as the storage of fat and the utilization of foodstuffs, blood pressure, and certain aspects of skin colour. Many of these activities are also controlled in part by the central nervous system, which works with the endocrine system in maintaining the life of a fish. Some parts of the endocrine system are developmentally, and undoubtedly evolutionarily, derived from the nervous system. The nervous system and sensory organs As in all vertebrates, the nervous system of fishes is the primary mechanism coordinating body activities, as well as integrating these activities in the appropriate manner with stimuli from the environment. The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, is the primary integrating mechanism. The peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to various body organs, carries sensory information from special receptor organs such as the eyes, internal ears, nares (sense of smell), taste glands, and others to the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system also carries information via different nerve cells from the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. This coded information is carried to the various organs and body systems, such as the skeletal muscular system, for appropriate action in response to the original external or internal stimulus. Another branch of the nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, helps to coordinate the activities of many glands and organs and is itself closely connected to the integrating centres of the brain. The brain of the fish is divided into several anatomical and functional parts, all closely interconnected but each serving as the primary centre of integrating particular kinds of responses and activities. Several of these centres or parts are primarily associated with one type of sensory perception, such as sight, hearing, or smell (olfaction). Olfaction The sense of smell is important in almost all fishes. Certain eels with tiny eyes depend mostly on smell for location of food. The olfactory, or nasal, organ of fishes is located on the dorsal surface of the snout. The lining of the nasal organ has special sensory cells that perceive chemicals dissolved in the water, such as substances from food material, and send sensory information to the brain by way of the first cranial nerve. Odour also serves as an alarm system. Many fishes, especially various species of freshwater minnows, react with alarm to a chemical released from the skin of an injured member of their own species. Taste Many fishes have a well-developed sense of taste, and tiny pitlike taste buds or organs are located not only within their mouth cavities but also over their heads and parts of their body. Catfishes, which often have poor vision, have barbels (“whiskers”) that serve as supplementary taste organs, those around the mouth being actively used to search out food on the bottom. Some species of naturally blind cave fishes are especially well supplied with taste buds, which often cover most of their body surface. Sight Pacific foureyed fish Pacific foureyed fish Sight is extremely important in most fishes. The eye of a fish is basically like that of all other vertebrates, but the eyes of fishes are extremely varied in structure and adaptation. In general, fishes living in dark and dim water habitats have large eyes, unless they have specialized in some compensatory way so that another sense (such as smell) is dominant, in which case the eyes will often be reduced. Fishes living in brightly lighted shallow waters often will have relatively small but efficient eyes. Cyclostomes have somewhat less elaborate eyes than other fishes, with skin stretched over the eyeball perhaps making their vision somewhat less effective. Most fishes have a spherical lens and accommodate their vision to far or near subjects by moving the lens within the eyeball. A few sharks accommodate by changing the shape of the lens, as in land vertebrates. Those fishes that are heavily dependent upon the eyes have especially strong muscles for accommodation. Most fishes see well, despite the restrictions imposed by frequent turbidity of the water and by light refraction. Fossil evidence suggests that colour vision evolved in fishes more than 300 million years ago, but not all living fishes have retained this ability. Experimental evidence indicates that many shallow-water fishes, if not all, have colour vision and see some colours especially well, but some bottom-dwelling shore fishes live in areas where the water is sufficiently deep to filter out most if not all colours, and these fishes apparently never see colours. When tested in shallow water, they apparently are unable to respond to colour differences. Hearing Sound perception and balance are intimately associated senses in a fish. The organs of hearing are entirely internal, located within the skull, on each side of the brain and somewhat behind the eyes. Sound waves, especially those of low frequencies, travel readily through water and impinge directly upon the bones and fluids of the head and body, to be transmitted to the hearing organs. Fishes readily respond to sound; for example, a trout conditioned to escape by the approach of fishermen will take flight upon perceiving footsteps on a stream bank even if it cannot see a fisherman. Compared with humans, however, the range of sound frequencies heard by fishes is greatly restricted. Many fishes communicate with each other by producing sounds in their swim bladders, in their throats by rasping their teeth, and in other ways. Other senses (touch, pain, and special senses) A fish or other vertebrate seldom has to rely on a single type of sensory information to determine the nature of the environment around it. A catfish uses taste and touch when examining a food object with its oral barbels. Like most other animals, fishes have many touch receptors over their body surface. Pain and temperature receptors also are present in fishes and presumably produce the same kind of information to a fish as to humans. Fishes react in a negative fashion to stimuli that would be painful to human beings, suggesting that they feel a sensation of pain. lateral line system lateral line system An important sensory system in fishes that is absent in other vertebrates (except some amphibians) is the lateral line system. This consists of a series of heavily innervated small canals located in the skin and bone around the eyes, along the lower jaw, over the head, and down the mid-side of the body, where it is associated with the scales. Intermittently along these canals are located tiny sensory organs (pit organs) that apparently detect changes in pressure. The system allows a fish to sense changes in water currents and pressure, thereby helping the fish to orient itself to the various changes that occur in the physical environment. Evolution and paleontology phyletic family tree for fishes phyletic family tree for fishes Although a great many fossil fishes have been found and described, they represent a tiny portion of the long and complex evolution of fishes, and knowledge of fish evolution remains relatively fragmentary. In the classification presented in this article, fishlike vertebrates are divided into seven categories, the members of each having a different basic structural organization and different physical and physiological adaptations for the problems presented by the environment. The broad basic pattern has been one of successive replacement of older groups by newer, better-adapted groups. One or a few members of a group evolved a basically more efficient means of feeding, breathing, or swimming or several better ways of living. These better-adapted groups then forced the extinction of members of the older group with which they competed for available food, breeding places, or other necessities of life. As the new fishes became well established, some of them evolved further and adapted to other habitats, where they continued to replace members of the old group already there. The process was repeated until all or almost all members of the old group in a variety of habitats had been replaced by members of the newer evolutionary line. Agnatha: early jawless fishes The earliest vertebrate fossils of certain relationships are fragments of dermal armour of jawless fishes (superclass Agnatha, order Heterostraci) from the Upper Ordovician Period in North America, about 450 million years in age. Early Ordovician toothlike fragments from the former Soviet Union are less certainly remains of agnathans. It is uncertain whether the North American jawless fishes inhabited shallow coastal marine waters, where their remains became fossilized, or were freshwater vertebrates washed into coastal deposits by stream action. Jawless fishes probably arose from ancient, small, soft-bodied filter-feeding organisms much like and probably also ancestral to the modern sand-dwelling filter feeders, the Cephalochordata (Amphioxus and its relatives). The body in the ancestral animals was probably stiffened by a notochord. Although a vertebrate origin in fresh water is much debated by paleontologists, it is possible that mobility of the body and protection provided by dermal armour arose in response to streamflow in the freshwater environment and to the need to escape from and resist the clawed invertebrate eurypterids that lived in the same waters. Because of the marine distribution of the surviving primitive chordates, however, many paleontologists doubt that the vertebrates arose in fresh water. Heterostracan remains are next found in what appear to be delta deposits in two North American localities of Silurian age. By the close of the Silurian, about 416 million years ago, European heterostracan remains are found in what appear to be delta or coastal deposits. In the Late Silurian of the Baltic area, lagoon or freshwater deposits yield jawless fishes of the order Osteostraci. Somewhat later in the Silurian from the same region, layers contain fragments of jawed acanthodians, the earliest group of jawed vertebrates, and of jawless fishes. These layers lie between marine beds but appear to be washed out from fresh waters of a coastal region. It is evident, therefore, that by the end of the Silurian both jawed and jawless vertebrates were well established and already must have had a long history of development. Yet paleontologists have remains only of specialized forms that cannot have been the ancestors of the placoderms and bony fishes that appear in the next period, the Devonian. No fossils are known of the more primitive ancestors of the agnathans and acanthodians. The extensive marine beds of the Silurian and those of the Ordovician are essentially void of vertebrate history. It is believed that the ancestors of fishlike vertebrates evolved in upland fresh waters, where whatever few and relatively small fossil beds were made probably have been long since eroded away. Remains of the earliest vertebrates may never be found. By the close of the Silurian, all known orders of jawless vertebrates had evolved, except perhaps the modern cyclostomes, which are without the hard parts that ordinarily are preserved as fossils. Cyclostomes were unknown as fossils until 1968, when a lamprey of modern body structure was reported from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois, in deposits more than 300 million years old. Fossil evidence of the four orders of armoured jawless vertebrates is absent from deposits later than the Devonian. Presumably, these vertebrates became extinct at that time, being replaced by the more efficient and probably more aggressive placoderms, acanthodians, selachians (sharks and relatives), and by early bony fishes. Cyclostomes survived probably because early on they evolved from anaspid agnathans and developed a rasping tonguelike structure and a sucking mouth, enabling them to prey on other fishes. With this way of life they apparently had no competition from other fish groups. Cyclostomes, the hagfishes and lampreys, were once thought to be closely related because of the similarity in their suctorial mouths, but it is now understood that the hagfishes, order Myxiniformes, are the most primitive living chordates, and they are classified separately from the lampreys, order Petromyzontiformes. Early jawless vertebrates probably fed on tiny organisms by filter feeding, as do the larvae of their descendants, the modern lampreys. The gill cavity of the early agnathans was large. It is thought that small organisms taken from the bottom by a nibbling action of the mouth, or more certainly by a sucking action through the mouth, were passed into the gill cavity along with water for breathing. Small organisms then were strained out by the gill apparatus and directed to the food canal. The gill apparatus thus evolved as a feeding, as well as a breathing, structure. The head and gills in the agnathans were protected by a heavy dermal armour; the tail region was free, allowing motion for swimming. Most important for the evolution of fishes and vertebrates in general was the early appearance of bone, cartilage, and enamel-like substance. These materials became modified in later fishes, enabling them to adapt to many aquatic environments and finally even to land. Other basic organs and tissues of the vertebrates—such as the central nervous system, heart, liver, digestive tract, kidney, and circulatory system— undoubtedly were present in the ancestors of the agnathans. In many ways, bone, both external and internal, was the key to vertebrate evolution. Acanthodii: early jawed fishes The next class of fishes to appear was the Acanthodii, containing the earliest known jawed vertebrates, which arose in the Late Silurian, more than 416 million years ago. The acanthodians declined after the Devonian but lasted into the Early Permian, a little less than 280 million years ago. The first complete specimens appear in Lower Devonian freshwater deposits, but later in the Devonian and Permian some members appear to have been marine. Most were small fishes, not more than 75 cm (approximately 30 inches) in length. We know nothing of the ancestors of the acanthodians. They must have arisen from some jawless vertebrate, probably in fresh water. They appear to have been active swimmers with almost no head armour but with large eyes, indicating that they depended heavily on vision. Perhaps they preyed on invertebrates. The rows of spines and spinelike fins between the pectoral and pelvic fins give some credence to the idea that paired fins arose from “fin folds” along the body sides. The relationships of the acanthodians to other jawed vertebrates are obscure. They possess features found in both sharks and bony fishes. They are like early bony fishes in possessing ganoidlike scales and a partially ossified internal skeleton. Certain aspects of the jaw appear to be more like those of bony fishes than sharks, but the bony fin spines and certain aspects of the gill apparatus would seem to favour relationships with early sharks. Acanthodians do not seem particularly close to the Placodermi, although, like the placoderms, they apparently possessed less efficient tooth replacement and tooth structure than the sharks and the bony fishes, possibly one reason for their subsequent extinction. Placodermi: plate-skin fishes The first record of the jawed Placodermi is from the Early Devonian, about 400 million years ago. The placoderms flourished for about 60 million years and were almost gone at the end of the Devonian. Nothing is known of their ancestors, who must have existed in the Silurian. The evolution of several other, better-adapted fish groups soon followed the appearance of the placoderms, and this apparently led to their early extinction. Their greatest period of success was approximately during the middle of the Devonian, when some of them became marine. As their name indicates (placoderm meaning “plate skin”), most of these fishes had heavy coats of bony armour, especially about the head and anterior part of the body. The tail remained free and heterocercal (that is, the upper lobe long, the lower one small or lacking). Most placoderms remained small, 30 cm (12 inches) or less in length, but one group, the arthrodires, had a few marine members that reached 10 metres (about 33 feet) in length. Important evolutionary advances of the placoderms were in the jaws (which usually were amphistylic—that is, involving the hyoid and quadrate bones) and development of fins, especially the paired fins with well-formed basal or radial elements. The jaws tended to be of single elements with strongly attached toothlike structures. These were too specialized to be considered ancestral to the more adaptable jaws of subsequent bony fish groups. It has been proposed that sharks arose from some group of placoderms near the Stensioelliformes and that the chimaera line (class Holocephali) arose from certain arthrodires; this suggestion, however, is uncertain. A peculiar 5-cm (2-inch) fossilized fish, Palaeospondylus, from Middle Devonian rocks in Scotland, is probably not a placoderm, although it is sometimes classed with placoderms. Various suggestions that its relationships are with the agnathans, placoderms, acanthodians, sharks, and even lungfishes and amphibians are unconvincing, and its relationships remain completely unknown. Chondrichthyes: sharks and rays The earliest sharks (class Chondrichthyes) first appeared in the Early Devonian about 400 million years ago, became quite prominent by the end of the Devonian, and are still successful today. Two Early Devonian orders of primitive sharklike fishes, the Cladoselachiformes and the Cladodontiformes, became extinct by the end of the Permian, about 251 million years ago, while the freshwater order Xenacanthiformes lasted until the end of the Triassic, about 200 million years ago. The final Devonian order, Heterodontiformes, still has surviving members. Modern sharks and rays arose during the Jurassic Period, about 200 million to 145.5 million years ago, probably from an older group, the hybodont sharks. Presumably marine cladoselachians gave rise to the hybodont Heterodontiformes during the close of the Devonian. These had the placoderm amphystylic jaws but had paired fins of a more efficient type. In turn the hybodonts are thought to have given rise to the living but archaic mollusk-eating Port Jackson sharks (heterodonts). The relationships of the surviving (but archaic) hexanchiform sharks are unknown. The three main orders of modern Selachii—the Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks) and Lamniformes (mackerel sharks) and Rajiformes (skates and rays)—appeared during the Jurassic Period. They are characterized by a hyostylic jaw (in which articulation involves only the hyoid bone), an improvement allowing greater mobility of the jaws and an important feature in the methods of predation used by modern selachians. Skates and rays evolved from some bottom-living sharklike ancestor during the Jurassic. The primary evolution and diversification of modern sharks, skates, and rays took place in the Cretaceous Period and Cenozoic Era. Thus, along with the teleost fishes (discussed below), most surviving sharks, skates, and rays are essentially of relatively recent origin, their main evolutionary radiation having taken place since Jurassic times. Holocephali The class Holocephali—the chimaeras or ratfishes, as their modern survivors are called—first appeared in the Late Devonian but were most common and diversified during the Mesozoic Era. Only one of the seven known orders survived beyond the close of the Cretaceous Period 65.5 million years ago. Although not many modern species of chimaeras are known, they are sometimes relatively abundant in their deep-sea habitat. The relationships of these fishes are in question. It has been proposed that they are related to the Devonian ptyctodont arthrodires, which had a chimaera-like shape and pelvic claspers. It has also been suggested that they are closely related to the Selachii because both selachians and holocephalians have many characters in common, such as placoid scales, pelvic claspers, and the absence of true bone. It has been suggested that both holocephalians and selachians are related to the acanthodians on the basis of the gill arch structures. Further evidence is needed to solve the problem of their classification and relationships. Sarcopterygii: fleshy-finned fishes Fishes of the class Sarcopterygii are extremely ancient in origin, their first remains appearing in Lower Devonian strata of Germany. Some authorities contend that the rhipidistians, one of the three groups of sarcopterygians, gave rise to the amphibians by the end of the Devonian; however, other authorities believe that tetrapods evolved from one of two other groups, the coelacanths and the dipnoans (lungfish). The rhipidistians became extinct about 120 million years later, near the beginning of the Permian, but the coelacanths and the dipnoans have survived, albeit in small numbers. The primitive sarcopterygians show several similarities, supporting the view that they had a common ancestor. The nature of the ancestor remains a mystery. The sarcopterygians probably evolved from unknown Silurian jawed freshwater fishes that may also have been ancestral to the actinopterygians. Some authorities support the idea that rhipidistian crossopterygians flourished in the fresh waters of the Middle Devonian where, in adapting to a habitat subject to seasonal droughts, some evolved pectoral and pelvic appendages strong enough and flexible enough to enable them to leave drying pools to seek out those ponds that retained water. Paradoxically, terrestrial amphibians first arose through the need to survive in water. The early coelacanths of the Late Devonian were small freshwater and inshore fishes, and it was not until the Late Permian and Triassic that they became marine and grew larger and more diverse. They are not known as fossils later than the Cretaceous, and it was therefore a great surprise when in 1938 a live 160-cm (63-inch) specimen was taken at 120 metres (approximately 390 feet) depth off the coast of eastern South Africa. A second living coelacanth species was discovered off the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in 1997. The dipnoans first appeared in the Early Devonian and were fully differentiated at that time. They flourished until the close of the Triassic, when their numbers became greatly reduced. The modern Australian lungfish differs little from one of the Triassic forms. The living South American and especially African lungfishes are elongated, specialized fishes adapted to live and survive in more or less annual ponds. Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes The Actinopterygii, or ray-finned fishes, are the largest class of fishes. In existence for about 400 million years, since the Early Devonian, it consists of some 42 orders containing more than 480 families, at least 80 of which are known only from fossils. The class contains the great majority of known living and fossil fishes, with about 26,900 living species. The history of actinopterygians can be divided into three basic stages or evolutionary radiations, each representing a different level of structural organization and efficiency. The Chondrostei may have first arisen as early as the Early Devonian, increased in numbers and complexity until about the Permian, and thereafter declined, becoming almost extinct by the middle of the Cretaceous, 100 million years ago. The chondrostean order Palaeonisciformes is the basal actinopterygian stock from which all other chondrosteans and the holosteans evolved. They were the most common fishes of their time, relatively small and typically like later fishes in appearance. In comparison with today’s fishes, they had peculiar-looking jaws and tails. Their tails were heterocercal. On their bodies were thick ganoid scales that abutted each other, rather than overlapping as in most modern fishes. Palaeonisciformes often had large eyes placed far forward, long mouths with the upper jaw firmly bound to the fully armoured cheek, and a relatively weak lower jaw muscle. They gave rise to a great variety of types, with elongate bodies and jaws, bottom-living types that fed on microorganisms, deep-bodied marine reef fishes, and coral-eating reef fishes. Almost all of these were replaced by modern teleosts. Surviving Chondrostei are the bottom-feeding marine and freshwater sturgeons, the strange plankton-feeding paddlefishes of the Mississippi River of North America and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) of China, and the freshwater bichirs and reedfishes (family Polypteridae) of Africa. The relationship of the polypterids is in some doubt, and that group has sometimes been placed in the class Sarcopterygii. Several of the chondrostean orders developed characteristics that approached the holostean level of anatomic organization and are sometimes called subholosteans. One of these orders, the Parasemionotiformes, evolved from the Palaeonisciformes in the Early Triassic and may have given rise to at least some of the holosteans. This evolutionary line leads to the Pholidophoriformes, which gave rise to modern bony fishes, or teleosts. The holosteans are thought to be of mixed origin and represent a stage in the evolution of a group of chondrostean orders. Therefore, the infraclass or division Holostei does not represent a single lineage. Important holostean characteristics are the approach of the tail toward the homocercal condition and the equal number of fin rays and basal elements of the fin rays. Both of these conditions make the holostean a more efficient swimmer than the chondrostean, as does thinning of the holostean body scales. Another important advance of holosteans was the freeing of the upper jaw from the preopercular bone of the cheek, allowing greater movement of the gill chamber and jaws, with more powerful development of the lower jaw muscle. Five orders of holosteans are known, with their greatest evolutionary radiation occurring during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, when the chondrosteans were declining and the teleosts just beginning to expand. Two holostean groups survive today: the bowfin, Amia calva, and several species of gars, Lepisosteus, all found in North America. The current understanding of bony fish evolution recognizes the Amiiformes as the closest living relatives of the teleosts. The modern bony fishes, infraclass or division Teleostei, include the great majority of living fishes. They first appear in the fossil record about 200 million years ago (as the family Leptolepididae), with their homocercal caudal fin and caudal skeleton already fully developed. They arose from an order of holosteans now extinct, the Pholidophoriformes. This group was intermediate in character between the chondrosteans and the teleosts. Teleosts reached their fullest extent within the last 50 million years and represent a distinct functional advance over their holostean ancestors. They have greater swimming ability, due to the improvement in the tail structure, and have a still more efficient feeding and gill-ventilating apparatus. The bony fishes represent the culmination of a long evolution toward a body plan with maximum swimming efficiency. Particularly important in this evolution have been changes in fins and in the tail. Some authorities believe that the paired fins arose from a single continuous tail and anal fin that was divided at the vent and extended forward along each side to the head. Later the sections between the pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins were lost. The fin rays of sharks and rays are of a horny material, but those of many primitive fossil fishes are of bone. The bony fin rays of sarcopterygians and actinopterygians probably arose from scales lying in the fin folds. Modern teleost fishes have flexible fin rays (called soft rays) of jointed segments of bone, or spiny rays, each of solid continuous bone. The first dorsal fin of acanthopterygian fishes is of the spiny type. The original tail fin of primitive fishes was not an effective swimming organ, because of its asymmetry. The steady improvement in tail shape over 400 million years is one of the prominent features of fish evolution. In primitive fishes the tail (vertebral) axis turned upward (heterocercal) or downward (hypocercal), and a lobe of flesh projected from it. This form of tail cannot provide a powerful driving mechanism, because the driving force is unevenly distributed relative to the body axis. With an asymmetrical tail, the fish swims by an undulating motion of the body and tail. In some fishes with a diphycercal tail (with the axis of the vertebrae extending down the middle of the fin lobe), developed in both modern and ancient fishes, the tail remains relatively ineffective because it has remained too rigid for proper propulsive action. The development of a true homocercal tail fin, in which powerful muscles move strong fin rays with a very flexible basal joint and in which the upper and lower lobes are about equal, is a development exclusive to teleost fishes. As suggested by the existence of more than 400 families, teleosts are extremely varied in anatomical form and in the habitat occupied. They can be divided into about 12 superorders or subdivisions, each with distinct evolutionary significance. The Leptolepidimorpha, an extinct, relatively primitive group, has uncertain relationships with other teleosts and is as yet poorly understood. The second group, the superorder Osteoglossomorpha, consists of relatively primitive teleosts, most of which are now extinct. The few surviving members are mostly tropical and worldwide in distribution but adapted to restricted habitats. The third group, the Elopomorpha, retains some relatively primitive living members, such as the tarpons, but is mostly represented by the large variety of specialized true eels. The Clupeomorpha includes the herrings and anchovies, relatively primitive fishes, mostly specialized for existence near the surface of the open ocean. A few species are anadromous, breeding in freshwater environments but spending most of their lives in the sea. The Protacanthopterygii is a varied collection of relatively primitive orders, marine, deep-sea, and freshwater in distribution; trouts, smelts, and argentines are examples. The Ostariophysi are an important group of primarily freshwater fishes, including the characins, carps, minnows, loaches, suckers, and catfishes. The remaining groups have a complex fossil history and are not yet fully understood, but all seem to possess similar evolutionary trends. Each group shows a tendency to develop spiny fin rays in the dorsal and anal fins (reduced in some) and a shelf of bone under the eye. There is a tendency for the pelvic fins to move forward on the body, with a reorganization of swimming methods and a slight gain in maneuverability. All three groups probably are related and presumably arose from some early protacanthopterygian-like ancestor. The Scopelomorpha include a wide variety of deep-sea open-ocean plankton feeders and predators, some of which bear light organs. The Paracanthopterygii are a rather miscellaneous collection of fishes, the most important to humans being the cods. The final superorder, the Acanthopterygii, is the result of the great radiation of modern spiny-rayed fishes and contains the dominant fishes in marine shore habitats, tropical, temperate, and Arctic. They also live in the freshwater environment, especially in lakes, slow-moving streams, and ponds. The superorder has some important open-ocean members, such as tunas. The key to the successful acanthopterygian radiation probably has been their mobile, protractile mouth. Classification Distinguishing taxonomic features In forming hypotheses about the evolution of fishes and in establishing classifications based on these hypotheses, ichthyologists place special emphasis on the comparative study of the skeleton. There are two primary advantages of this approach. First, direct comparison between extant and fossil groups is possible, the latter usually represented only by bony remains. The second advantage is that the bones of living fishes are relatively easy to observe and to study, compared with other body structures. Proper preservation and special preparation of the nervous system, for example, are difficult and expensive when the fishes being compared are from the far ends of the Earth. In the study of the relationships of species within a group, major use has been made of similarities and differences in the dimensions of external features, such as head and body length, and of counts of external characters, such as teeth, fin rays, and scales. Colour pattern is also important. In recent years, valuable data on classification of fishes have been obtained from studies of comparative behaviour, physiology, genetics and functional anatomy. Annotated classification The following classification has been derived primarily from the works of British ichthyologists C. Patterson, R. Miles, P.H. Greenwood, and K.S. Thomson and American ichthyologist D.E. Rosen, with extensive modifications from American ichthyologists G.D. Johnson, W.N. Eschmeyer, M.L.J. Stiassny, L.R. Parenti, S.V. Frank, and W.L. Fink and Canadian ichthyologist J.S. Nelson, among others. Fishes are typically divided into three groups: superclass Agnatha (jawless fishes), class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes), and superclass Osteichthyes (bony fishes). The latter two groups are included within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, a category containing all jawed vertebrates.  This is a list of common names of fish. While some common names refer to a single species, others may be used for an entire group of species, such as a genus or family, and still others have been used confusingly for multiple unrelated species or groups; the articles listed here should attempt to list the possible meanings if the common name is ambiguous. Scientific names for individual species and higher taxa are included in parentheses. Contents:     Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A     African glass catfish (Pareutropius debauwi)     African lungfish (genus Protopterus)     Aholehole (genus Kuhlia and family Kuhliidae)     Airbreathing catfish (family Clariidae)     Airsac catfish (genus Heteropneustes)     Alaska blackfish     Albacore     Alewife     Alfonsino     Algae eater (numerous species that are not necessarily closely related)     Alligatorfish (family Agonidae)     Alligator gar     Amberjack (genus Seriola)     American sole (family Achiridae)     Amur pike     Anchovy (family Engraulidae)     Anemonefish (subfamily Amphiprioninae of family Pomacentridae)     Angelfish (numerous unrelated taxa, including family Pomacanthidae, family Squatinidae, genus Pterophyllum, the Atlantic pomfret, the Atlantic spadefish, and the cave angelfish)     Angler (Lophius piscatorius)     Angler catfish (genus Chaca)     Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)     Antarctic cod     Antarctic icefish (suborder Notothenioidei of order Perciformes)     Antenna codlet (Bregmaceros atlanticus)     Arapaima (genus Arapaima)     Archerfish (genus Toxotes and family Toxotidae)     Arctic char     Armored gurnard (family Peristediidae)     Armored searobin (family Peristediidae)     Armorhead (family Pentacerotidae)     Armorhead catfish (genus Cranoglanis)     Armoured catfish     Arowana (family Osteoglossidae)     Arrowtooth eel (several species, including Dysomma anguillare, Dysomma brevirostre, Histiobranchus bathybius, Synaphobranchus kaupii, and Ilyophis brunneus)     Asian carp     Asiatic glassfish (family Ambassidae)     Atka mackerel     Atlantic bonito     Atlantic cod     Atlantic herring     Atlantic salmon     Atlantic sharpnose shark     Atlantic saury     Atlantic silverside     Australasian salmon (genus Arripis and family Arripidae)     Australian grayling     Australian herring     Australian lungfish     Australian prowfish (family Pataecidae)     Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) B     Baikal oilfish     Bala shark     Ballan wrasse     Bamboo shark     Banded killifish     Bandfish     Banjo     Bangus     Banjo catfish     Barb     Barbel     Barbeled dragonfish     Barbeled houndshark     Barbel-less catfish     Barfish     Barracuda     Barracudina     Barramundi     Barred danio     Barreleye     Basking shark     Bass     Basslet     Batfish     Bat ray     Beachsalmon     Beaked salmon     Beaked sandfish     Beardfish     Beluga sturgeon     Bengal danio     Betta     Bichir     Bicolor goat fish     Bigeye     Bigeye squaretail     Bighead carp     Bigmouth buffalo     Bigscale     Bigscale pomfret     Billfish     Bitterling     Black angelfish     Black bass     Black dragonfish     Blackchin     Blackfin Tuna     Blackfish     Black neon tetra     Blacktip reef shark     Black mackerel     Black scalyfin     Black sea bass     Black scabbardfish     Black swallower     Black tetra     Black triggerfish     Bleak     Blenny     Blind goby     Blind shark     Blobfish     Blowfish     Blue catfish     Blue danio     Blue-redstripe danio     Blue eye trevalla     Bluefin tuna     Bluefish     Bluegill     Blue gourami     Blue shark     Blue triggerfish     Blue whiting     Bluntnose knifefish     Bluntnose minnow     Boafish     Boarfish     Bobtail snipe eel     Bocaccio     Boga     Bombay duck     Bonefish     Bonito     Bonnethead shark     Bonnetmouth     Bonytail     Bonytongue     Bowfin     Boxfish     Bramble shark     Bream     Brill     Bristlemouth     Bristlenose catfish     Broadband dogfish     Bronze corydoras     Brook lamprey     Brook stickleback     Brook trout     Brotula     Brown trout     Buffalo fish     Bullhead     Bullhead shark     Bull shark     Bull trout     Burbot     Bumblebee goby     Buri     Burma danio     Burrowing goby     Butterfish     Butterfly ray     Butterflyfish C     California flyingfish     California halibut     Canary rockfish     Candiru     Candlefish     Capelin     Cardinalfish     Cardinal tetra     Carp     Carpetshark     Carpsucker     Catalufa     Catfish     Catla     Cat shark     Cavefish     Celebes rainbowfish     Central mudminnow     Chain pickerel     Channel bass     Channel catfish     Char     Cherry salmon     Chimaera     Chinook salmon     Cherubfish     Chub     Chubsucker     Chum salmon     Cichlid     Cisco     Climbing catfish     Climbing gourami     Climbing perch     Clingfish     Clownfish     Clown loach     Clown triggerfish     Cobbler     Cobia     Cod     Codlet     Codling     Coelacanth     Coffinfish     Coho salmon     Coley     Collared carpetshark     Collared dogfish     Colorado squawfish     Combfish     Combtail gourami     Combtooth blenny     Common carp     Common tunny     Conger eel     Convict blenny     Convict cichlid     Cookie-cutter shark     Coolie loach     Cornetfish     Cowfish     Cownose ray     Cow shark     Crappie     Creek chub     Crestfish     Crevice kelpfish     Croaker     Crocodile icefish     Crocodile shark     Crucian carp     Cuckoo wrasse     Cusk     Cusk-eel     Cutlassfish     Cutthroat eel     Cutthroat trout D     Dab     Dace     Daggertooth pike conger     Damselfish     Danio     Darter     Dartfish     Dealfish     Death Valley pupfish     Deep sea eel     Deep sea smelt     Deepwater cardinalfish     Deepwater flathead     Deepwater stingray     Delta smelt     Demoiselle     Denticle herring     Desert pupfish     Devario     Devil ray     Dhufish     Discus     Dogfish     Dogfish shark     Dogteeth tetra     Dojo loach     Dolly Varden trout     Dolphin fish     Dorab wolf-herring     Dorado     Dory     Dottyback     Dragonet     Dragonfish     Dragon goby     Driftfish     Driftwood catfish     Drum     Duckbill     Duckbill eel     Dusky grouper     Dusky shark     Dwarf gourami     Dwarf loach E     Eagle ray     Earthworm eel     Eel     Eel cod     Eel-goby     Eelpout     Eeltail catfish     Elasmobranch     Electric catfish     Electric eel     Electric knifefish     Electric ray     Elephant fish     Elephantnose fish     Elver     Ember parrotfish     Emerald catfish     Emperor     Emperor angelfish     Emperor bream     Escolar     Eucla cod     Eulachon     European chub     European eel     European flounder     European minnow     European perch F     False brotula     False cat shark     False moray     False trevally     Fangtooth     Fathead sculpin     Featherback     Fierasfer     Fire goby     Filefish     Finback cat shark     Fingerfish     Fire bar danio     Firefish     Flabby whale fish     Flagblenny     Flagfin     Flagfish     Flagtail     Flashlight fish     Flatfish     Flathead     Flathead catfish     Flier     Flounder     Flying gurnard     Flying fish     Footballfish     Forehead brooder     Four-eyed fish     French angelfish     Freshwater eel     Freshwater hatchetfish     Freshwater shark     Frigate mackerel     Frilled shark     Frogfish     Frogmouth catfish     Fusilier fish G     Galjoen fish     Ganges shark     Gar     Garden eel     Garibaldi     Garpike     Ghost fish     Ghost flathead     Ghost knifefish     Ghost pipefish     Ghost shark     Ghoul     Giant danio     Giant gourami     Giant sea bass     Gibberfish     Gila trout     Gizzard shad     Glass catfish     Glassfish     Glass knifefish     Glowlight danio     Goatfish     Goblin shark     Goby     Golden dojo     Golden loach     Golden shiner     Golden trout     Goldeye     Goldfish     Gombessa     Goosefish     Gopher rockfish     Gourami     Grass carp     Graveldiver     Grayling     Gray mullet     Gray reef shark     Great white shark     Green swordtail     Greeneye     Greenling     Grenadier     Green spotted puffer     Ground shark     Grouper     Grunion     Grunt     Grunter     Grunt sculpin     Gudgeon     Guitarfish     Gulf menhaden     Gulper eel     Gulper     Gunnel     Guppy     Gurnard H     Haddock     Hagfish     Hairtail     Hake     Halfbeak     Halfmoon     Halibut     Halosaur     Hamlet     Hammerhead shark     Hammerjaw     Handfish     Hardhead catfish     Harelip sucker     Hatchetfish     Hawkfish     Herring     Herring smelt     Hickory Shad     Hillstream loach     Hog sucker     Hoki     Horn shark     Horsefish     Houndshark     Huchen     Humuhumunukunukuapua'a     Hussar I     Icefish     Ide     Ilish/Hilsha     Inanga     Inconnu J     Jack     Jackfish     Jack Dempsey     Japanese eel     Javelin     Jawfish     Jellynose fish     Jewelfish     Jewel tetra     Jewfish     John Dory K     Kafue pike     Kahawai     Kaluga     Kanyu     Kelp perch     Kelpfish     Killifish     King of the herrings     Kingfish     King-of-the-salmon     Kissing gourami     Knifefish     Knifejaw     Koi     Kokanee     Kokopu     Kuhli loach L     Labyrinth fish     Ladyfish     Lake chub     Lake trout     Lake whitefish     Lampfish     Lamprey     Lancetfish     Lanternfish     Largemouth bass     Leaffish     Leatherjacket     Lefteye flounder     Lemon shark     Lemon sole     Lemon tetra     Lenok     Leopard danio     Lightfish     Limia     Lined sole     Ling     Ling cod     Lionfish     Livebearer     Lizardfish     Loach     Loach catfish     Loach goby     Loach minnow     Longfin     Longfin dragonfish     Longfin escolar     Longfin smelt     Long-finned char     Long-finned pike     Long-finned sand diver     Longjaw mudsucker     Longneck eel     Longnose chimaera     Longnose dace     Longnose lancetfish     Longnose sucker     Longnose whiptail catfish     Long-whiskered catfish     Loosejaw     Lost River sucker     Louvar     Loweye catfish     Luderick     Luminous hake     Lumpsucker     Lungfish M     Mackerel     Mackerel shark     Madtom     Mahi-mahi     Mahseer     Mail-cheeked fish     Mako shark     Mandarinfish     Manefish     Man-of-war fish     Manta ray     Marblefish     Marine hatchetfish     Marlin     Masu salmon     Medaka     Medusafish     Megamouth shark     Menhaden     Merluccid hake     Mexican golden trout     Midshipman fish     Milkfish     Minnow     Minnow of the deep     Modoc sucker     Mojarra     Mola mola     Monkeyface prickleback     Monkfish     Mooneye     Moonfish     Moorish idol     Mora     Moray eel     Morid cod     Morwong     Moses sole     Mosquitofish     Mouthbrooder     Mozambique tilapia     Mrigal     Mud catfish     Mudfish     Mud minnow     Mudskipper     Mudsucker     Mullet     Mummichog     Murray cod     Muskellunge     Mustache triggerfish     Mustard eel N     Naked-back knifefish     Nase     Needlefish     Neon tetra     New World rivuline     New Zealand sand diver     New Zealand smelt     Nibble fish     Noodlefish     North American darter     North American freshwater catfish     North Pacific daggertooth     Northern anchovy     Northern clingfish     Northern lampfish     Northern pike     Northern sea robin     Northern squawfish     Northern stargazer     Notothen     Nurseryfish     Nurse shark O     Oarfish     Ocean perch     Ocean sunfish     Oceanic whitetip shark     Oilfish     Oldwife     Old World knifefish     Olive flounder     Opah     Opaleye     Orange roughy     Orangespine unicorn fish     Orangestriped triggerfish     Orbicular batfish     Orbicular velvetfish     Oregon chub     Orfe     Oriental loach     Oscar     Owens pupfish P     Pacific albacore     Pacific cod     Pacific hake     Pacific herring     Pacific lamprey     Pacific salmon     Pacific saury     Pacific trout     Pacific viperfish     Paddlefish     Pancake batfish     Panga     Paradise fish     Parasitic catfish     Parore     Parrotfish     Peacock flounder     Peamouth     Pearleye     Pearlfish     Pearl danio     Pearl perch     Pelagic cod     Pelican eel     Pelican gulper     Pencil catfish     Pencilfish     Pencilsmelt     Peppered corydoras     Perch     Peters' elephantnose fish     Pickerel     Pigfish     Pike conger     Pike eel     Pike     Pikeblenny     Pikeperch     Pilchard     Pilot fish     Pineapplefish     Pineconefish     Pink salmon     Píntano     Pipefish     Piranha     Pirarucu     Pirate perch     Plaice     Platy     Platyfish     Pleco     Plownose chimaera     Poacher     Pollyfish     Pollock     Pomfret     Pompano     Pompano dolphinfish     Ponyfish     Popeye catalufa     Porbeagle shark     Porcupinefish     Porgy     Port Jackson shark     Powen     Prickleback     Pricklefish     Prickly shark     Prowfish     Pufferfish     Pumpkinseed     Pupfish     Pygmy sunfish Q     Queen danio     Queen parrotfish     Queen triggerfish     Quillback     Quillfish R     Rabbitfish     Raccoon butterfly fish     Ragfish     Rainbow trout     Rainbowfish     Rasbora     Ratfish     Rattail     Ray     Razorback sucker     Razorfish     Red grouper     Red salmon     Red snapper     Redfin perch     Redfish     Redhorse sucker     Redlip blenny     Redmouth whalefish     Redtooth triggerfish     Red velvetfish     Red whalefish     Reedfish     Reef triggerfish     Remora     Requiem shark     Ribbon eel     Ribbon sawtail fish     Ribbonfish     Rice eel     Ricefish     Ridgehead     Riffle dace     Righteye flounder     Rio Grande perch     River loach     River shark     River stingray     Rivuline     Roach     Roanoke bass     Rock bass     Rock beauty     Rock cod     Rocket danio     Rockfish     Rockling     Rockweed gunnel     Rohu     Ronquil     Roosterfish     Ropefish     Rough scad     Rough sculpin     Roughy     Roundhead     Round herring     Round stingray     Round whitefish     Rudd     Rudderfish     Ruffe     Russian sturgeon S     Sábalo     Sabertooth     Saber-toothed blenny     Sabertooth fish     Sablefish     Sacramento blackfish     Sacramento splittail     Sailfin silverside     Sailfish     Salamanderfish     Salmon     Salmon shark     Sandbar shark     Sandburrower     Sand dab     Sand diver     Sand eel     Sandfish     Sand goby     Sand knifefish     Sand lance     Sandperch     Sandroller     Sand stargazer     Sand tiger     Sand tilefish     Sandbar shark     Sarcastic fringehead     Sardine     Sargassum fish     Sauger     Saury     Sawfish     Saw shark     Sawtooth eel     Scabbard fish     Scaly dragonfish     Scat     Scissortail rasbora     Scorpionfish     Sculpin     Scup     Sea bass     Sea bream     Sea catfish     Sea chub     Sea devil     Sea dragon     Sea lamprey     Sea raven     Sea snail     Sea toad     Seahorse     Seamoth     Searobin     Sevan trout     Sergeant major     Shad     Shark     Sharksucker     Sharpnose puffer     Sheatfish     Sheepshead     Sheepshead minnow     Shiner     Shortnose chimaera     Shortnose sucker     Shovelnose sturgeon     Shrimpfish     Siamese fighting fish     Sillago     Silver carp     Silver dollar     Silver dory     Silver hake     Silverside     Silvertip tetra     Sind danio     Sixgill ray     Sixgill shark     Skate     Skilfish     Skipjack tuna     Slender mola     Slender snipe eel     Sleeper     Sleeper shark     Slickhead     Slimehead     Slimy mackerel     Slimy sculpin     Slipmouth     Smalleye squaretail     Smalltooth sawfish     Smelt     Smelt-whiting     Smooth dogfish     Snailfish     Snake eel     Snakehead     Snake mackerel     Snapper     Snipe eel     Snipefish     Snook     Snubnose eel     Snubnose parasitic eel     Sockeye salmon     Soldierfish     Sole     South American darter     South American lungfish     Southern Dolly Varden     Southern flounder     Southern hake     Southern sandfish     Southern smelt     Spadefish     Spaghetti eel     Spanish mackerel     Spearfish     Speckled trout     Spiderfish     Spikefish     Spinefoot     Spiny basslet     Spiny dogfish     Spiny dwarf catfish     Spiny eel     Spinyfin     Splitfin     Spookfish     Spotted climbing perch     Spotted danio     Spottail pinfish     Sprat     Springfish     Squarehead catfish     Squaretail     Squawfish     Squeaker     Squirrelfish     Staghorn sculpin     Stargazer     Starry flounder     Steelhead     Stickleback     Stingfish     Stingray     Stonecat     Stonefish     Stoneroller minnow     Stream catfish     Striped bass     Striped burrfish     Sturgeon     Sucker     Suckermouth armored catfish     Summer flounder     Sundaland noodlefish     Sunfish     Surf sardine     Surfperch     Surgeonfish     Swallower     Swamp-eel     Swampfish     Sweeper     Swordfish     Swordtail T     Tadpole cod     Tadpole fish     Tailor     Taimen     Tang     Tapetail     Tarpon     Tarwhine     Telescopefish     Temperate bass     Temperate ocean-bass     Temperate perch     Tench     Tenpounder     Tenuis     Tetra     Thorny catfish     Thornfish     Threadfin     Threadfin bream     Thread-tail     Three spot gourami     Threespine stickleback     Three-toothed puffer     Thresher shark     Tidewater goby     Tiger barb     Tigerperch     Tiger shark     Tiger shovelnose catfish     Tilapia     Tilefish     Titan triggerfish     Toadfish     Tommy ruff     Tompot blenny     Tonguefish     Tope     Topminnow     Torpedo     Torrent catfish     Torrent fish     Trahira     Treefish     Trevally     Triggerfish     Triplefin blenny     Triplespine     Tripletail     Tripod fish     Trout     Trout cod     Trout-perch     Trumpeter     Trumpetfish     Trunkfish     Tubeblenny     Tube-eye     Tube-snout     Tubeshoulder     Tui chub     Tuna     Turbot     Two spotted goby U     Uaru     Unicorn fish     Upside-down catfish V     Vanjaram     Velvet belly lanternshark     Velvet catfish     Velvetfish     Vendace     Vermilion snapper     Vimba     Viperfish W     Wahoo     Walking catfish     Wallago     Walleye     Walleye pollock     Walu     Warmouth     Warty angler     Waryfish     Waspfish     Weasel shark     Weatherfish     Weever     Weeverfish     Wels catfish     Whale catfish     Whalefish     Whale shark     Whiff     Whitebait     White croaker     Whitefish     White marlin     White shark     Whitetip reef shark     Whiting     Wobbegong     Wolf-eel     Wolffish     Wolf-herring     Worm eel     Wormfish     Wrasse     Wrymouth X     X-ray tetra Y     Yellow-and-black triplefin     Yellowback fusilier     Yellowbanded perch     Yellow bass     Yellowedge grouper     Yellow-edged moray     Yellow-eye mullet     Yellowhead jawfish     Yellowfin croaker     Yellowfin cutthroat trout     Yellowfin grouper     Yellowfin tuna     Yellowfin pike     Yellowfin surgeonfish     Yellowfin tuna     Yellow jack     Yellowmargin triggerfish     Yellow moray     Yellow perch     Yellowtail     Yellowtail amberjack     Yellowtail barracuda     Yellowtail clownfish     Yellowtail horse mackerel     Yellowtail kingfish     Yellowtail snapper     Yellow tang     Yellow weaver     Yellowtail catfish Z     Zander     Zebra bullhead shark     Zebra danio     Zebrafish     Zebra lionfish     Zebra loach     Zebra oto     Zebra pleco     Zebra shark     Zebra tilapia     Zebra turkeyfish     Ziege     Zingel See also     List of aquarium fish by scientific name     List of freshwater aquarium fish species     Diversity of fish     vte Fish About fish         Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing -as food Fear of- FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in- Ichthyology      Striated frogfish Anatomy and physiology         Age determination Anguilliformity Bone         dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins         dorsal fin Gill         branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw         hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum         papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales         ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder         physoclisti physostome Teeth         pharyngeal shark Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems         Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction         Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning         triggers Locomotion         Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious Walking Flying Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour         Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migratory Paedophagy Predatory Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep Venomous Intelligence By habitat         Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types         Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commerce     Farming         Carp Catfish Octopus Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries         Predatory         billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage         anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal         cod flatfish pollock Major groups         Jawless         hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous         chimaeras sharks rays Bony         spiny-finned fleshy-finned Lists         Aquarium life Blind Fish common names Fish families Glossary of ichthyology Largest Smallest Threatened         rays sharks Prehistoric more lists... Fishing Edit     “     The world is filled to the brim with the most outlandish kinds of fish!     — The Angler Fishing in action. Fishing is an activity accomplished by using a Fishing Pole at a body of liquid (water, honey, or lava) while having bait in the player's inventory. While near the body of liquid, pressing the ⚒ Use / Attack button at a point over the liquid will cast a line into the liquid. Pressing the button again when the bobber moves up and down will reel in the line and often an item will come up with the line. The Angler NPC provides daily fishing quests and rewards their completion with an assortment of equipment, coins, potions, and vanity items. Fishing provides an assortment of game resources: Crafting materials for potions and food, a variety of very useful items such as mobility improvements like a Frog Leg or Balloon Pufferfish, and even a pet Zephyr Fish. Through crates, fishing also provides an alternative source for ores, coins, many chest items (Sailfish Boots can replace Hermes or Flurry Boots), and some specialties such as the powerful Falcon Blade. While fishing is not strictly necessary for game progression, some of the Angler's quest rewards (the Fish Finder components) are required to complete the Cell Phone. Fishing is also required to fight the boss Duke Fishron. To summon the boss, a Truffle Worm must be used as fishing bait in an Ocean biome. For pre-Hardmode players, fishing can be a good way of getting money and equipment; by mid-Hardmode, it is less competitive with other money-making options, enemy drops, and advancing equipment. Contents     1 Requirements     2 Fishing quests     3 Factors         3.1 Hidden factors     4 Fishing Poles     5 Bait     6 Catches         6.1 Fish         6.2 Quest fish         6.3 Usable items         6.4 Crates         6.5 Junk         6.6 Enemies     7 Crafting         7.1 Used in     8 Mechanics         8.1 Catch frequency         8.2 Biomes             8.2.1 Notes         8.3 Layers         8.4 Catch quality         8.5 Crate mechanics         8.6 Stack sizes     9 Notes     10 Achievement     11 Tips         11.1 General         11.2 Angler Quests         11.3 Session Timing         11.4 Lava Fishing     12 Maximum Fishing Power         12.1 When to stop fishing     13 Trivia     14 History     15 References Fandom Trivia Quiz      Essential Terraria Knowledge: Getting Started8 questions Check out more quizzes at Fandom Trivia Requirements Surface width is determined first (green rectangle), then the depth below those tiles (arrows). Tiles falling outside the originally calculated surface width are not counted (red areas). 75 connected tiles of liquid are required (1,001 for Oceans, 50 for honey) in order for fishing to work, and 300 or more tiles to be optimal (1,001 for Oceans, 200 for honey). The width of the top row of continuous liquid tiles (the row where the fishing bobber sits) determines the calculated pond width, and then the depth directly below those is counted. If the pond becomes wider at lower depths, that additional width is not counted. The player may successfully fish in a 1-tile-wide pond, as long as it's 75 tiles deep. The distance of the bobber to the shoreline does not matter. It is not possible to fish when the player is submerged in liquid, even partially, and even within a completely disconnected body of water. Fishing can, however, be done while moving, flying, while grappled to blocks, sitting on a chair, while floating on water with the Slime Mount, or while standing on top of the water, e.g. using Water Walking Boots. Fishing can be done in Lava, but will only work with the Hotline Fishing Hook, a Lavaproof Tackle Bag, a Lavaproof Fishing Hook, or by using a Magma Snail, Lavafly, or Hell Butterfly (which can be caught using a Lavaproof Bug Net or Golden Bug Net). It can take much longer to get a bite in lava, but the chances increase with at least two of these sources; see the Catch Frequency section below for details. Fishing quests "Quest" redirects here. For the Strange Plant quest, see Dye Trader § Strange Plant quests. For a list of quest fish, see Angler § Quest list. Catching a quest fish for the Angler NPC requires fishing in the proper biome, and height for the day's current quest, which can be determined by talking to the Angler. Quest fish cannot be caught if the player already has that particular quest fish in their inventory, or if the quest fish was already turned in that day. However, if the player puts the Quest fish in a safe/bank then they may catch another Quest Fish. The player can then transfer the Quest Fish to a chest if they wish. The Angler gives out special rewards when a proper quest fish is turned in. The player does not need to speak with him beforehand, nor have even encountered him, but the chances of finding the correct area to fish for a quest are much lower without speaking to him first. Each day, the angler will change his quest at 4:30AM. Factors Given the prerequisites for fishing are fulfilled, some factors influence the quality/rarity of the caught item. There is a variety of relevant equipment:     Seven accessories are useful. All but one are quest rewards from the Angler (The quest rewards are combined into just two, at the Tinkerer's Workshop.)     Three potions help with fishing, all of which can be crafted or received from the Angler.     Fishing Poles can be crafted, received as Angler rewards, bought from other NPCs, or found in chests.     Bait comes from multiple sources: Captured Critters, Angler rewards, Crates, and even crafting.     Chum Buckets can be dropped by enemies spawned by Blood Moon fishing. All the factors are combined into a total Fishing Power that determines the chances of higher-quality catches. Fishing Power is calculated by starting with adding these three basic factors:     The Fishing Power of the Fishing Pole used.     The Bait Power of the Bait used.[fb 1]     Equipped items and Potions. After the above three kinds of factors are added, bonuses (or penalties) are applied, as follows:     The time the player is fishing, as a multiplicative percentage applied to the previous factors.     If the player has used a Gummy Worm, increase fishing power by a flat amount.     The number of Chum Buckets used on the water's surface, as a flat bonus.     The size of the lake. Lakes with fewer than 300 tiles incur a Fishing Power penalty, as a multiplicative percentage applied to the previous factors.     When fishing without the High Test Fishing Line, Lavaproof Tackle Bag, or Angler Tackle Bag, there is always a 1/7 (14.29%) chance that the fishing line will break on reel-in, forfeiting the caught item. Chances of consuming bait remain the same even if the line breaks. With the High Test Fishing Line equipped, the line never breaks. Amounts in the tables below that influence fishing power are marked green or red. Because some of the bonus factors are percentages, the fishing power amounts given by any of the three basic factors can seem to vary depending on, e.g., time of day or weather. (For example, when fishing during rain, the Angler Earring can appear to provide more than just +10 Fishing Power.) Fishing Power Boost Gear Item     Effect     Source Angler Tackle BagAngler Tackle Bag     +10 Fishing Power     Angler Earring + High Test Fishing Line + Tackle Box Lavaproof Tackle BagLavaproof Tackle Bag     +10 Fishing Power Allows fishing in lava regardless of bait or rod used.     Angler Tackle Bag + Lavaproof Fishing Hook Angler EarringAngler Earring     +10 Fishing Power     Random Angler quest reward Angler armorAngler armor     +5 Fishing Power per piece     10th, 15th, & 20th Angler quests Fishing PotionFishing Potion     +15 Fishing Power (8 min)     Bottled Water + Waterleaf + Crispy Honey Block Chum BucketChum Bucket     +11/+17/+20 Fishing Power [fb 2](10 uses)     Blood Moon fishing enemy drop Gummy WormGummy Worm     +3 Permanently on use. Has only one use per character.     Throwing a Gold Worm into Shimmer. Other Fishing Gear Item     Effect     Source High Test Fishing LineHigh Test Fishing Line     Line never breaks     Random Angler quest reward Tackle BoxTackle Box     Makes bait last for one additional cast     Random Angler quest reward Crate PotionCrate Potion     +10% Crate chance (4 min)     Bottled Water + Amber + Deathweed + Moonglow () Bottled Water + Amber + Moonglow + Shiverthorn + Waterleaf () Sonar PotionSonar Potion     Shows hooked item name before reel-in (8 min)     Bottled Water + Waterleaf + Coral Fisherman's Pocket GuideFisherman's Pocket Guide     Shows current Fishing Power     Random Angler quest reward Weather RadioWeather Radio     Displays current weather     Random Angler quest reward SextantSextant     Shows moon phase     Random Angler quest reward Fish FinderFish Finder     Shows weather, moon phase, fishing power     Fisherman's Pocket Guide + Weather Radio + Sextant Lavaproof Fishing HookLavaproof Fishing Hook     Allows fishing in lava regardless of bait or rod used.     Obsidian Crates, Hellstone Crates      Time Factor     Effect Cloudy or Overcast[fb 3]     +10% Rain     +20% 4:30 AM – 6:00 AM     +30% 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM     −20% 6:00 PM – 7:30 PM     +30% 9:18 PM – 2:42 AM     −20% Full moon     +10% Gibbous moon     +5% Crescent moon     −5% New moon     −10% Blood Moon     +10%[fb 4] Lake Size [fb 5] Water Tiles     Effect 75     −75% 100     −66.6% 125     −58.3% 150     −50% 175     −41.6% 200     −33.3% 225     −25% 250     −16.6% 275     −8.3% 300+     no penalty % Bait Power also means % Fishing Power, and is combined with all other Fishing Power factors, such as the Fishing Pole's power and the Time factor, etc. Bait Power additionally determines the chances that the Bait item will be consumed from the player's inventory. Items with higher Bait Powers will tend to last through more fishing attempts: Higher Bait Power means lower chance of consumption. Chum Bucket bonuses are determined by how many are present on the water at once. One bucket used will give +11, two for +17 and three for a max of +20. These bonuses are not affected by previous factors (i.e. armor, accessories, potions, bait, pole, time, or weather), and are only affected by lake size. Also note that reeling in nothing or having the line break counts towards one of the 10 uses. This stacks with the Rain bonus, which means the Fishing Power bonus is more than +20% during raining due to the cloudiness. On PC version PC version, Console version Console version, Mobile version Mobile version, and tModLoader version tModLoader version, fishing during a Blood Moon has a significant chance of spawning any of several exclusive and difficult enemies. See the relevant section in this article for more details.     Lake sizes listed here are example numbers to illustrate the lake size effect, and are not thresholds. The penalty is actually determined by the equation (tiles / n) × Fishing Power where n = 300 for water and 200 for honey. Any increase or decrease in total tiles between 75 and 300 will alter the lake size penalty. Hidden factors PC version Console version Mobile version tModLoader version PC/Console/Mobile/tModLoader-Only Content: This section's information applies only to the PC, Console, Mobile, and tModLoader versions of Terraria. There are two factors which affect Fishing Power that are hidden from the player (e.g. they never affect the numbers displayed in the UI by the Fisherman's Pocket Guide or related accessories):     The first is Luck. If the player has bad (negative) Luck, there is a chance (determined once every catch attempt) that their Fishing Power will be reduced. Similarly, good (positive) Luck gives a chance of increasing their Fishing Power.         If a player has total Luck less than zero, then there is a (−100 × Luck)% chance per catch attempt that the player's Fishing Power will be reduced by −10% to −40%.         If a player has total Luck greater than zero, then there is a (100 × Luck)% chance per catch attempt that the player's Fishing Power will be increased by +10% to +40%.         Actual fishing rewards are not influenced by Luck beyond fishing power.         The chance of catching Crates is not affected by Luck, although which kind of crate is caught is affected. This is because crates have a flat percentage chance of being caught, which is not affected by Fishing Power or Luck, but if a crate is caught, the kind of crate is determined by Fishing Power. See the Crate Mechanics section below for further details.[1][2] Fishing Poles Fishing Poles are used with bait for fishing. Some are craftable, while others are either sold by NPCs, found in Chests, or are awarded by the Angler. Bait If the player has multiple bait items in their inventory, they are used in order from the top down, then left to right. Bait can be placed in ammo slots, and bait placed there will be used first / used last . To have the best results from fishing in lava, lavaproof bait should be placed before other bait. Catches Fish These items can be caught at any time. Most can serve as crafting material for Food (Cooked Fish) and other Potions. Some can also craft other item types. Jellyfish can be used as bait. Most can be sold to NPCs. Note that the height requirements are mostly split between "Surface and above," versus "Underground and below." Of these items, only three items cannot be caught in either the Surface or Underground layers: The Damselfish (Sky only) and the Blue or Green Jellyfish (Cavern or Underworld only).   Click/tap here to reveal this content. (there may be a slight delay) Quest fish Quest fish are items that can be caught only when their particular quest is active and serve no purpose other than acquiring quest rewards. The player can determine the day's quest by speaking to the Angler NPC. There are 41 distinctive variants of quest fish.   This table requires JavaScript to be enabled and site tooltips to be turned on to be displayed. You can also view the data on another page. Usable items These items can be used directly without further crafting. Most are Tools or Weapons, many of which are best-in-class for large parts of the game. There are also a couple of Accessories offering jump boosts, an improvement on Healing Potions, a Pet, and in Hardmode, a mount summon. The Angler's rewards fill out the set somewhat, with an early mount, a top-tier (Pre-Hardmode) Hook, and several items to help with fishing.   This table requires JavaScript to be enabled and site tooltips to be turned on to be displayed. You can also view the data on another page. Crates Crates are stackable grab-bag type items that each contain random loot, including potions, bait, useful items, coins, metal bars, and even ores. They can be right-clicked from within the player's inventory, which will unload their contents. Rarer Crate types contain more valuable loot. The biome crates can provide items otherwise found only in the matching biome chests, including Crimson Hearts/Shadow Orbs and the items found in Dungeon chests. (Not all biomes or special chests have matching crates.) Crates are one of the major sources of "alternate" metals and ores. Junk These items have no coin value, they can however be put through an extractinator to recieve either fishing worms/apprentice fishing bait. They can each be stacked up to 99 in a single inventory slot. The player will only "catch" these if a lake is too small or if their Fishing Power is too low. When a lake is at least 300 tiles (200 for honey) in size or the player's total fishing power is at least 50, the player will no longer catch junk. Type     Value     Rarity     Height     Biome Old ShoeOld Shoe Internal Item ID: 2337     0     −1     Any     Any SeaweedSeaweed Internal Item ID: 2338     0     −1     Any     Any Tin CanTin Can Internal Item ID: 2339     0     −1     Any     Any Note that the Seaweed junk item should not be confused with the SeaweedSeaweed pet summon item, which is found in Jungle Crates and Bramble Crates fished up in the jungle, as well as Jungle shrines and Living Rich Mahogany Trees. Enemies PC version Console version Mobile version tModLoader version PC/Console/Mobile/tModLoader-Only Content: This section's information applies only to the PC, Console, Mobile, and tModLoader versions of Terraria. During a Blood Moon event, fishing in water can cause several Blood Moon-themed enemies to spawn. These enemies are: Pre-Hardmode     Wandering Eye FishWandering Eye FishZombie MermanZombie Merman Hardmode     Hemogoblin SharkHemogoblin SharkBlood EelBlood EelDreadnautilusDreadnautilus Upon retracting the line during a Blood Moon, there is a 1/6 (16.67%) chance (1/3 (33.33%) with the Chum Caster) that one of these enemies will spawn. Note that fishing power has no effect on this mechanic, nor does the use of Chum Buckets. If the player is using a Sonar Potion, the spawn will be shown with the enemy's name in red, giving players a second or two to prepare for the oncoming attack. In pre-Hardmode, the only enemies that can appear are the Zombie Merman and the Wandering Eye Fish, with an equal chance of each. In Hardmode, the Dreadnautilus has a 1/10 (10%) chance of appearing, and the other four enemies have equal remaining chances of appearing (9/40 (22.5%)). Each of these enemies has a chance to drop Chum Buckets used to further increase fishing power. They also can drop several special items:     Zombie Merman or Wandering Eye Fish: (separate 12.5% chance for each)         Blood Rain Bow: A bow that converts arrows into streams of blood raining from the sky (similar to the Daedalus Stormbow).         Chum Caster: A fishing pole (25% fishing power) that doubles the chance of catching enemies during a Blood Moon.         Vampire Frog Staff: A minion -- even without a ranged attack or flight, this can be quite powerful early in the game and can be had well before the Hornet Staff.     Hemogoblin Shark:         Haemorrhaxe (powerful hamaxe, nearly equal to the Luminite tools).         Blood Thorn (magic weapon, can target enemies almost anywhere on screen).     Blood Eel:         Haemorrhaxe (again).         Drippler Crippler (strong flail).     Dreadnautilus:         Sanguine Staff: Very mobile and responsive minion.         Bloody Moon Monolith: Cosmetic; provides the appearance of a Blood Moon without the hazards (or rewards). Crafting Used in Result    Ingredients    Crafting station Blue Jellyfish JarBlue Jellyfish Jar         Blue Jellyfish (bait)Blue Jellyfish (bait)     Bottled WaterBottled Water     By Hand Green Jellyfish JarGreen Jellyfish Jar         Green Jellyfish (bait)Green Jellyfish (bait)     Bottled WaterBottled Water Pink Jellyfish JarPink Jellyfish Jar         Pink Jellyfish (bait)Pink Jellyfish (bait)     Bottled WaterBottled Water Cooked FishCooked Fish         Atlantic CodAtlantic Cod     Cooking PotCooking Pot or CauldronCauldron     BassBass     TroutTrout Old-gen console version Windows Phone version Old Chinese version Nintendo 3DS version tModLoader version tModLoader 1.3-Legacy version only: Cooked FishCooked Fish         Red SnapperRed Snapper     SalmonSalmon     TunaTuna Cooked ShrimpCooked Shrimp         ShrimpShrimp Seafood DinnerSeafood Dinner         Armored CavefishArmored Cavefish (2)     Chaos FishChaos Fish (2)     Crimson TigerfishCrimson Tigerfish (2)     DamselfishDamselfish (2)     Double CodDouble Cod (2)     EbonkoiEbonkoi (2)     Flarefin KoiFlarefin Koi (2)     Frost MinnowFrost Minnow (2)     HemopiranhaHemopiranha (2)     Neon TetraNeon Tetra (2)     ObsidifishObsidifish (2)     Princess FishPrincess Fish (2)     PrismitePrismite (2)     Specular FishSpecular Fish (2)     StinkfishStinkfish (2)     Variegated LardfishVariegated Lardfish (2) Ammo Reservation PotionAmmo Reservation Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Double CodDouble Cod     MoonglowMoonglow     Placed BottlePlaced Bottle or Alchemy TableAlchemy Table Calming PotionCalming Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     DamselfishDamselfish     DaybloomDaybloom Endurance PotionEndurance Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Armored CavefishArmored Cavefish     BlinkrootBlinkroot Console version Mobile version Old Chinese version tModLoader version tModLoader 1.3-Legacy version only: Heartreach PotionHeartreach Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Crimson TigerfishCrimson Tigerfish     DaybloomDaybloom Old-gen console version Windows Phone version Nintendo 3DS version only: Heartreach PotionHeartreach Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Crimson TigerfishCrimson Tigerfish     DaybloomDaybloom     MoonglowMoonglow Inferno PotionInferno Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Flarefin KoiFlarefin Koi     ObsidifishObsidifish (2)     FireblossomFireblossom Lifeforce PotionLifeforce Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     PrismitePrismite     MoonglowMoonglow     ShiverthornShiverthorn     WaterleafWaterleaf Love PotionLove Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Princess FishPrincess Fish     ShiverthornShiverthorn Potion of ReturnPotion of Return         Recall PotionRecall Potion     ObsidifishObsidifish Rage PotionRage Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     HemopiranhaHemopiranha     DeathweedDeathweed Console version Mobile version Old Chinese version tModLoader version tModLoader 1.3-Legacy version only: Recall PotionRecall Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Specular FishSpecular Fish     DaybloomDaybloom Old-gen console version Windows Phone version Nintendo 3DS version only: Recall PotionRecall Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Specular FishSpecular Fish     DeathweedDeathweed Stink PotionStink Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     StinkfishStinkfish     DeathweedDeathweed Summoning PotionSummoning Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Variegated LardfishVariegated Lardfish     MoonglowMoonglow Console version Mobile version tModLoader version only: Teleportation PotionTeleportation Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Chaos FishChaos Fish     BlinkrootBlinkroot     FireblossomFireblossom Old-gen console version Windows Phone version Old Chinese version Nintendo 3DS version tModLoader version tModLoader 1.3-Legacy version only: Teleportation PotionTeleportation Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Chaos FishChaos Fish     FireblossomFireblossom Warmth PotionWarmth Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Frost MinnowFrost Minnow     ShiverthornShiverthorn Wormhole PotionWormhole Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     Specular FishSpecular Fish     BlinkrootBlinkroot Wrath PotionWrath Potion         Bottled WaterBottled Water     EbonkoiEbonkoi     DeathweedDeathweed SashimiSashimi         Red SnapperRed Snapper     Work BenchWork Bench     SalmonSalmon     TunaTuna Old-gen console version Windows Phone version Old Chinese version Nintendo 3DS version tModLoader version tModLoader 1.3-Legacy version only: SashimiSashimi         TroutTrout Mechanics Catch frequency When fishing, there is a hidden catch counter which tracks the player's progress toward making a catch. The counter normally starts at 0 and increases over time. When it exceeds 660, there is a ((75 + fishing power) / 2) % chance that a fish will bite, capping out at 125 fishing power. The counter then resets to 0, regardless of whether or not there was a bite. When fishing in lava with at least two lava-proof bait, a Hotline Fishing Hook or one of the two lava-proof accessories (Lavaproof Fishing Hook or Lavaproof Tackle Bag), the counter resets to 240 instead (if there was no bite). Using all three has the same effect as using only two[1]. The catch counter increases every tick (there are 60 ticks per second) according to these factors:     1-2 points by default (average 1.5 points per tick)     A 1 in 60 chance of 60 points (average 1 point per tick)     Fishing power / 30 points per tick (e.g. 1.667 points per tick at 50 fishing power)     A (fishing power / 3) % chance of increasing an additional 1-2 points (1.5 × fishing power / 300 points per tick) Therefore, a formula for the average catch rate would look like this: {\frac{660\times\frac{points}{bite}}{\left(1.5+1+\frac{fishing\ power}{30}+1.5\times\frac{fishing\ power}{300}\right)\times\frac{points}{tick}}\div60\times\frac{ticks}{second}} or simply: {\frac{11}{2.5+\frac{23}{600}\times{fishing\ power}}\times\frac{seconds}{bite}} For example, with a fishing power of 125, the player can expect to catch a fish around once every 1.5 seconds: {\frac{11}{2.5+\frac{23}{600}\times125}\times\frac{seconds}{bite}\approx1.5\times\frac{seconds}{bite}} Biomes A player can be eligible for catching fish from multiple biomes at once; however, certain biomes take priority over others. The priority order is: Biome     Standard Priority     Crate Priority              LavaLava     1     1     1     - HoneyHoney     2     2     -     - Dungeon     3     -     2     4 Corruption     4 [bp 1]     3 [bp 1]     4     1 Crimson     4 [bp 1]     3 [bp 1]     5     2 Hallow     5     4     6     3 Snow     6     5     8     6 Jungle     7     6     7     5 Glowing Mushroom     8     7     -     - Ocean     9     8     3     - Desert (Oasis)     10     - [bp 2]     9     - [bp 2] Sky (Forest)     11     9     10     7 Underground/Cavern (Forest)     12     10     -     - Surface (Forest)     13     11     - [bp 3]     - [bp 3] When in both Corruption and Crimson, there is a 50% chance of each (except for crates, where Corruption has higher priority). No fish or crate is caught solely or especially in the Desert.     No crate is caught solely or especially in the Forest biome, however, there are crates which can be caught in any biome (including Forest). See the Crate Mechanics section below for further details. Notes The player can "borrow" the Forest lake for the mushroom biome.     The background and music playing have a different priority order, and will not necessarily match which biome is used for generating fish; for example, if Jungle music is playing but there is enough Snow nearby, the player will not be able to find Jungle quest fish and will get Snow catches instead.         Additionally, Mushroom Biome catches require 200 mushroom tiles nearby, which is more than is needed to display the mushroom biome background and music.     A lake can be shared between multiple biomes; what matters is what biome(s) the player is in. Remember that the lake size is figured from the bobber's row of liquid, downwards. In the image, the single top row of water makes the Forest lake fishable from the Mushroom biome. The fishing-shack across the lake is in the Forest biome but is just where the sky starts to darken from the nearby Mushroom biome.     If a player is in multiple biomes but the higher priority biome does not generate a fish, the game will proceed to check for fish in subsequent biomes. The exceptions are that Corruption and Crimson biomes will skip over Hallow in subsequent checks, and also on the PC version PC version, Console version Console version, Mobile version Mobile version, and tModLoader version tModLoader version, Ocean and Desert (Oasis) biomes will skip all other biomes in subsequent checks. This also does not apply to fishing in Lava or Honey, where the player will only catch the fish listed for that fluid. Because of these exceptions, some fish (e.g. Bass) can never be caught in Lava or Honey, nor at the Ocean or Desert. Layers The height requirement (Sky/Surface/Underground/Cavern) is set by the height of the surface of the water, not by the position of the player. This can be taken advantage of by creating two adjacent pools of water on different layers. This allows the player to fish in either while standing at the same spot. There are five height zones for fishing (see Layers): Zone     Height Sky     Fishing Surface > ~55% above Surface Level to the top of the world Surface     Surface Level < Fishing Surface ≤ ~55% above Surface Level Underground     Cavern layer < Fishing Surface ≤ Surface Level Caverns     300 feet above world bottom < Fishing Surface ≤ Cavern layer Underworld     Fishing Surface ≤ 300 feet from the world bottom Catch quality Chance of successful roll for each catch quality slot at a given displayed Fishing Power. Sharp changes are due to integer rounding. There are 6 different catch quality slots for catches, each with its own associated probability: Catch Quality     Probability Chance at 100 FP     Chance at 300 FP Plentiful     Default catch Common     fishing power / 150, capped at 1/2     1/2 (50%)     1/2 (50%) Uncommon     fishing power / 300, capped at 1/3     1/3 (33.33%)     1/3 (33.33%) Rare     fishing power / 1050, capped at 1/4     1/10 (10%)     1/4 (25%) Very Rare     fishing power / 2250, capped at 1/5     1/22 (4.55%)     1/7 (14.29%) Extremely Rare     fishing power / 4500, capped at 1/6     1/45 (2.22%)     1/15 (6.67%) The denominators are rounded down. A fishing power of 85, for example, would have a 1/52 (1.92%) chance of an Extremely Rare catch. When a new fish is generated, each different catch quality is checked for success, separately from one another. For example, the Uncommon, Rare, and Very Rare rolls might all succeed, while the Common and Extremely Rare rolls fail. Then, depending on which roll(s) succeed as well as factors such as height and biome, the game will generate a fish. With some exceptions, the highest catch quality roll that succeeded will take priority over lower catch quality slots in determining which fish a player receives. However, not every catch quality slot will contain a fish that can be caught; in that case, the game will move on to checking lower catch qualities. Success at the higher catch quality roll will not carry down to lower quality slots. For example, if the Rare roll succeeded but there is no Rare fish available to be caught, the game will move on to checking whether or not the Uncommon roll succeeded; if the Uncommon roll failed, it will move on to checking Common. Each biome has a list of available biome-specific fish that can be caught there, based on the catch quality rolls and other factors. If no biome-specific fish is generated, the game will move on to checking subsequent, lower priority biomes. Many of the fish available in catch quality slots vary based on randomness, so succeeding at a catch quality roll in a specific biome does not guarantee that the player will get a specific fish of that quality or any fish of that quality at all. If no fish is selected for the slot, the game will proceed to check more common slots instead and move on to subsequent biomes if and only if none of those slots contain fish either. When fishing in the water, a successful Extremely Rare roll will always check for a special catch first (Frog Leg, Balloon Pufferfish, and Zephyr Fish, in that order). If none of these checks succeed, the game will then check for biome-specific fish. All quest fish occupy the Uncommon slot, except the Mirage Fish and Pixiefish, which are Rare. All quest fish are Uncommon. There are only four Plentiful fish: Bass, Trout, Flounder, and Rock Lobster. If all other checks fail and the player is fishing in the water, they will catch one of these by default: Trout if fishing in the Ocean, Flounder or Rock Lobster if fishing in the Desertor Oasis on PC version PC version, Console version Console version, Mobile version Mobile version, and tModLoader version tModLoader version (with Rock Lobster being half as common as Flounder), and Bass otherwise. Crate mechanics There is a separate roll to determine if a Crate is caught, defaulting to 10% (or 20% with a Crate Potion active). An Extremely Rare or Very Rare catch will generate a Golden Crate, a Rare catch will generate a biome-specific crate (if applicable, otherwise it will generate an Iron Crate), an Uncommon catch will generate an Iron Crate, and a Wooden Crate otherwise. In Hardmode, the crate will be the Hardmode-equivalent crate. Fishing in honey will never generate a crate. Fishing in lava can generate Obsidian Crates in pre-hardmode, and Hellstone Crates in hardmode. Stack sizes Stackable fish (i.e., Bomb Fish and Frost Daggerfish) generate in stacks that vary based on the player's fishing power. These can vary significantly, with higher fishing power levels generating higher minimum stack sizes as well as significantly higher maximum stack sizes. Notes     Fishing for Scaly Truffles remains a decent money-maker into Hardmode, and even after getting or beating all the fishable equipment, the player may still need to restock potion ingredients and (via crates) ores/metals.     There are a total of 16 different fishing locations that can yield distinct catches.     There is no overlap between "fishable" fish and critters or enemies: The player may fish up a Golden Carp or Tropical Barracuda, but never a goldfish or piranha. Even if the player can see a goldfish in the water, they need a Bug Net rather than a fishing rod to capture it.     The bobber will move two or three times per bite, after which the fish will go away, but the line will remain cast. As long as the reel-in occurs before this animation ends, the timing of the click doesn't affect the quality of the catch.     It is possible to catch a day's quest fish without having asked the Angler about it.     Time must pass naturally from 04:29 to 04:30 (the start of a new day) before another quest begins.         Sleeping, by clicking a Bed's pillow will make time accelerate. This will make completing more quests easier.         However, with an Enchanted Sundial, the player can get a new quest immediately.     Crate contents are determined upon opening them. Crates caught in pre-Hardmode can, therefore, yield Hardmode items after defeating Wall of Flesh. Stocking up on crates before Hardmode can let the player get an early supply of Hardmode ores without breaking altars.     Ocean-only catches, including quest fish, cannot be caught from a Hallowed or Corrupted Ocean shoreline. They may be catchable further out towards the map edge, where Corrupted or Hallowed sand is farther from the water surface. When the Ocean Biome music plays, Ocean fish can be caught.     On the Nintendo Nintendo 3DS version version, the player can catch many different fish in the Ocean Biome, even those not native to it.     The minimum height for Sky fishing in all world sizes is higher than that for generating floating lakes. Because of this, a floating lake can be generated too low to be counted as Sky, and will only yield surface fish and crates.     Fishing can be done on reverse gravity (using the Gravitation Potion or the Gravity Globe); the bobber would fall "upwards" into the water, and fish can be caught as usual.     Weapons and accessories obtained through fishing will never generate with Modifiers. Achievement Achievement Hot Reels!.png Hot Reels! • “Drop a lure in a pool of lava for a pre-fried haul!” Use any fishing pole in the lava. Tips For tips about efficiently collecting bait, see Bait § Tips. General     Make sure the Truffle Worm is not the upper-leftmost bait item! (Unless the player is actually trying to summon Duke Fishron at the Ocean.) Bait is used from top-left to bottom-right, meaning that the Truffle Worm should be in the bottom-right square for regular fishing or the top-left square to summon Duke Fishron. Having the Truffle Worm anywhere else will prevent the player from using any bait that follows it in the inventory lineup, leaving them unable to fish.     The player can defend themselves while fishing without breaking the line using any of the following; a Shield of Cthulhu (Expert Mode only), any Summon (as long as they are summoned before the player throws out their line), Solar Flare Armor's Solar Radiance, accessories that deal passive damage such as Spore Sac and Volatile Gelatin (both Expert Mode), or any thorns effect such as a Thorns Potion.     Considering the difficulty of obtaining Chum Buckets early on and the lowered bonus given by the second and third buckets, using a single bucket might be preferable early game.     Sonar Potions allow players to reel in only their chosen catches.         For honey or lava, this is hardly worth it, as the player only has a few possibilities, and all of them useful and saleable.         Otherwise, Using Sonar Potions can be more bait-efficient but slower: The additional time spent waiting for undesirable catches to change (with a Sonar Potion) can be longer than the time between bites (without a Sonar Potion).             If a player is well-stocked on bait and is interested in catching more than just a specific few possibilities, it could be significantly faster (especially with high Fishing Power) to forego Sonar Potions.             Alternatively, a player can respond to an unwanted catch by quickly switching to another hotbar slot and back. This quickly rejects the catch without risking the bait.         On the other hand, bait is only consumed on whichever catches the player actually wants, and the player doesn't use inventory space on low-value fish. Angler Quests The Angler gives six different accessories as rewards, but with the Tinkerer's Workshop, those can be combined into one functional and one informational accessory:     The Tackle Box, High Test Fishing Line, and Angler Earring combine into the Angler Tackle Bag.         The Angler Tackle Bag can later be upgraded to a Lavaproof Tackle Bag by combining it with a Lavaproof Fishing Hook.         The Angler Tackle Bag’s fishing power bonus will stack with another Angler Earring and/or a Lavaproof Tackle Bag. All three items together will give a total bonus of 30%.     The Fisherman's Pocket Guide, Weather Radio, and Sextant combine into the Fish Finder.         The Fish Finder later combines with other items to make a Cell Phone. A quest fish cannot be fished or picked up when the player already has one in inventory, but it is easy enough to stash the fish in a Chest, Piggy Bank, or even the trash slot (though you can easily lose the fish this way) and collect multiples.     Saved quest fish can be turned in the next time that quest fish comes up.     Similarly, the same daily quest fish will be asked of all players on a world, so one player can supply the day's quest fish for the others. However, if a player of the same name as one who has already turned in a quest tries to turn in a quest, they will be rejected.     Note that quest fish do not stack, but 3 chests will suffice to hold 3 copies of each quest fish.     A player cannot catch more of a quest fish after having turned one in for the day. Session Timing Fishing in long stretches can be tedious and is also not very efficient. It is better to fish in smaller stretches and cherry-pick the times (moon, weather, luck) when the player has bonuses: Any time 3AM or 3PM approaches, the player should check conditions: With overcast/rain, a full moon, or a lucky event (ladybug swarm or Lantern Night), if the other two factors are at least neutral, then it is worth trying for a fishing session. Even if the player isn't primarily fishing for crates, the 3-minute duration of a Crate Potion makes a good benchmark. Even one potion will usually give more than enough time to collect several crates and several copies of a quest fish if one is available. Starting a fishing session between 3:00-4:30 AM or 4:30-6:00 PM will allow the Crate potion's duration to cover one of the "prime times" noted above while avoiding the following "dead time." If conditions are still good when the first potion runs out, a second potion may be worthwhile even if it runs into dead time, and it may even be worth finishing out the Sonar Potion's duration. A portable storage item allows a quick-change into and out of fishing gear, including swapping armor for the Fishing set. Lava Fishing Lava fishing can begin pre-Hardmode but can get easier in Hardmode. The player needs at least one out of three factors (bait, pole, accessory), and having two of them will drastically speed up catches:     In Hardmode, the Angler can award the Hotline Fishing Hook, a fishing pole that allows lava fishing with any bait.     Even before Hardmode, hellbait can be caught in the Underworld. If the player does not have a Golden Bug Net, they will need to make a Lavaproof Bug Net.     Either of the above will allow catching Obsidian Crates (Hellstone Crates in Hardmode) in search of a Lavaproof Fishing Hook. This accessory will allow using any bait and rod to fish in lava. There will also be other useful and/or saleable items caught and found in the crates; if the player has no Shadow Key, they can save the Obsidian Lock Boxes until they get one (from the Dungeon). As noted above, the fishing hook can be combined with an Angler Tackle Bag to make a Lavaproof Tackle Bag.     Again, having any two of the three (hellbait, Hotline Fishing Hook, or Lavaproof accessory), will produce catches much faster. This will be especially useful when fishing for the rare Lava Charm. Maximum Fishing Power The maximum possible Fishing Power is 322 / 283 / 264 . Equipment bonuses add to 160:     50% for Golden Fishing Rod     50% for Bait     15% for Fishing Potion     15% for Angler armor         5% for Angler Hat         5% for Angler Vest         5% for Angler Pants     10% for Angler Earring     10% for Angler Tackle Bag     10% for Lavaproof Tackle Bag The weather and Moon phase bonuses multiply that:     30% for time-of-day: 160 × 1.3 = 208     20% for Rain: 208 × 1.2 = 249.6     10% for cloudiness: 249.6 × 1.1 = 274.56     10% for Full moon: 274.56 × 1.1 = 302 - Rounded from 302.016 The Chum Bucket adds further bonuses:     +11 for the first bucket: 302 + 11 = 313     +6 for the second bucket: 313 + 6 = 319     +3 for the third bucket: 319 + 3 = 322 Luck has the potential to further increase Fishing Power: With +1.4 luck, 322 Fishing Power can randomly become up to 451 Fishing Power for any given cast. When to stop fishing Once a player has their Golden Bug Net, Golden Fishing Rod, Fish Finder, and an Angler Tackle Bag (or even two Tackle Bags, and/or a spare Angler Earring), the Angler can give them little else until Hardmode. Fishing without the Angler can still be profitable, notably by collecting crates and other special catches. Angler reward chances generally rise over time, but after the 150th Angler quest, most of the reward chances go back to their initial odds and stay there. Once the player has gotten the important pre-Hardmode rewards, they should leave off Angler quests until Hardmode, and hopefully avoid hitting the deadline before getting the Hardmode rewards. It is also helpful to stockpile crates before Hardmode, which can be opened in Hardmode for an early source of Hardmode ores and bars. After Hardmode, there are only a couple more weapons and a mount to catch (Toxikarp or Bladetongue, Crystal Serpent, Scaly Truffle), and a few more useful Angler rewards: The Bottomless Water Bucket and Super Absorbant Sponge for water handling, and the Hotline Fishing Hook (a misnamed pole) for fishing in lava. Once a player has all that, they're done with the Angler Quests. Fishing can still provide potion resupply, bars (especially the alternates), and coins (the Scaly Truffle is a good target), but no new items after this point. Trivia     The Golden Carp has no use, aside from its coin value of 10.     The Neon Tetra has no use, aside from its coin value of 15.     The Double Cod is required to make an Ammo Reservation Potion, possibly a reference to the acronym for the first-person shooter video game franchise Call of Duty. History PC version PC version     Desktop 1.4.1:         Removed decreasing returns on Fishing Power at high levels.         Adjusted Mirage Fish and Pixiefish to be "uncommon" instead of "rare", to match other quest fish.     Desktop 1.4.0.5:         Ammo slots are now prioritized when selecting bait to use.         Dungeon fishing now prioritizes Dungeon loot over overlapping biomes.     Desktop 1.4.0.1:         Added Desert (including Oasis) as a fishing biome.         Added Blood Moon fishing: 5 new enemies can now be fished in water during a Blood Moon.         Added Flounder and Rock Lobster.         Added Chum Caster and Scarab Fishing Rod.         Added Water Strider, Gold Water Strider, Maggot, Ladybug, Gold Ladybug, Magma Snail, Lavafly, Hell Butterfly, Black Dragonfly, Blue Dragonfly, Green Dragonfly, Orange Dragonfly, Red Dragonfly, Yellow Dragonfly, and Gold Dragonfly as baits.         Added Frozen Crate, Oasis Crate, Obsidian Crate, and Ocean Crate along with Hardmode variants to all the crates.         Added Chum Bucket.         Added two additional ways to fish in lava: Lavaproof Fishing Hook and Underworld bait.         Pre-Hardmode crates no longer give Hardmode ores.         Angler quest rewards no longer drop off after 150 quests.         Fishing Power is now affected by Luck.         Very high Fishing Power now gives decreasing returns.     Desktop 1.3.0.5: Fixed a bug where the Seedler could be obtained through fishing.     Desktop 1.3.0.4: Loot from fishing is now properly highlighted in the new items highlight system.     Desktop 1.3.0.1:         Added Jungle Crate, Sky Crate, Corrupt Crate, Crimson Crate, Hallowed Crate, and Dungeon Crate.         Sky Quest Fish can no longer be caught on the Surface.         Reduced the number of water tiles needed to fish successfully in the sky.     Desktop 1.2.4.1:         Fixed bug where repeated clicks after your line broke would nevertheless produce a catch.         Fixed bug causing Seaweed (junk) to turn into Seaweed (pet item) if in the inventory of a dying Mediumcore character (the Seaweed now simply disappears).     Desktop 1.2.4: Introduced. Console version Console version     Console 1.0.933.1: Made changes from PS4’s 1.0.750.0 update. (Xbox One)     Console 1.0.750.0: (PlayStation 4)         Added Jungle, Sky, Corrupt, Crimson, Hallowed, and Dungeon Crates.         Sky Quest Fish can no longer be caught on the Surface.         Reduced the number of water tiles needed to fish successfully in the sky.     Console 1.07: Introduced. Nintendo Switch Nintendo Switch version     Switch 1.0.711.6: Introduced. Mobile version Mobile version     Mobile 1.3.0.7:         Bobber mechanics updated to match Desktop 1.3.0.1.         Added Jungle, Sky, Corrupt, Crimson, Hallowed, and Dungeon Crates.         Sky Quest Fish can no longer be caught on the Surface.         Reduced the number of water tiles needed to fish successfully in the sky.     Mobile 1.2.11212: Introduced, with different bobber mechanics. Nintendo Nintendo 3DS version version     3DS-Release: Introduced. References     Information taken from the PC version PC 1.4.2.3 source code, method FishingCheck() in Terraria.Projectile.cs. There may be inaccuracies, as the current PC version PC version is 1.4.4.5. V • D • E Game mechanics Combat     ​Attack speed​Autoswing​Critical hit​Damage​Knockback​Lock on​Minions​Velocity Environment     ​Ambient objects​Ambient entities​Biome backgrounds​Biomes (Spread)​Day and night cycle​Events​Gravity​Hardmode​Liquids​Moon​Music​NPC despawning​NPC spawning​Pre-Hardmode​Secret seeds​Status messages​Wind​World​World Seed​World size Interface     ​Minimap​Logo​Title messages​Tips​Resource Packs Items     ​Alternative crafting ingredients​Block Swap​Consumables​Crafting stations (By Hand)​Crossover content​Explosion-proof objects​Flat surface items​Mining speed​Modifiers​NPC drops​Placement​Pickaxe power​Rarity​Recipes​Storage​Tooltips​Use time​Value Game     ​Achievements​AI​Camera Mode​Config.json​Cursor modes​Data IDs​Difficulty​Emote Commands​Expert Mode​Fishing​Game controls​Game platform​Golf​Hoik​Journey Mode​Lighting mode​Master Mode​Music​NPC names​Parallax​Pylons​Settings​Town Multiplayer     ​Server​Chat​Multiplayer Player     ​Aggro​Breath meter​Buffs and debuffs​Character​Character styles​Damage reduction​Death​Defense​Drowning​Extra jump​Fall damage​Ghost​Hairstyles​Health​Health regeneration​Inventory​Luck​Mana​Movement speed​Player stats​Social slots​Spawn
  • Condition: Gebraucht
  • Condition: In Very Good Condition for its age
  • Brand: Fisg
  • Animal Sub-Type: Fish
  • Animal Class: Fish
  • Manufacturer: Fish
  • Material: Metal
  • Item Type: Ornament/ Figurine
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

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