London Tower Brücke Taschenuhr Halskette Kette Bronze Dampf Punk alt Vintage UK

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Verkäufer: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3.712) 99.9%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 276078928239 London Tower Brücke Taschenuhr Halskette Kette Bronze Dampf Punk alt Vintage UK.                                                                     Tower Bridge Pocket Watch   This is a Bronze Pocket Watch with a image of the World Famous London's Tower Bridge The watch is in perfect working order The watch is 45mm in diameter with the chain 72 mm in length It is Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift for anyone interested in Freemasonry or Nice Collectible Keepsake Souvenir Would make an Excellent Lucky Charm or Collectible Keepsake Souvenir  Please Check out my other Similar Items > CLICK HERE TO VISIT MY SHOP Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from Over 2,500 Satisfied Customers I have over 5 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together   All my items Start at a Penny & I always combined postage on multiple items so why not  >   Check out my other items !   All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. 

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see Tower Bridge (California). For the station in Co. Cork, Ireland, see Tower Bridge railway station. Tower Bridge View of Tower Bridge from Shad Thames View from Shad Thames Coordinates    51°30′20″N 0°04′31″W Carries    London Inner Ring Road Crosses    River Thames Locale    London boroughs: – north side: Tower Hamlets – south side: Southwark Named for    Tower of London Maintained by    Bridge House Estates Heritage status    Grade I listed building Website    www.towerbridge.org.uk Preceded by    London Bridge Followed by    Elizabeth II Bridge Characteristics Design    Bascule bridge / Suspension Bridge Total length    800 feet (240 m) Height    213 feet (65 m) History Architect    Horace Jones Construction start    21 June 1886 Construction end    1894 Opened    30 June 1894 Location MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Tower Bridge is a Grade I listed combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, built between 1886 and 1894, designed by Horace Jones and engineered by John Wolfe Barry with the help of Henry Marc Brunel.[1] It crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and is one of five London bridges owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust founded in 1282. The bridge was constructed to give better access to the East End of London, which had expanded its commercial potential in the 19th century. The bridge was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales in 1894. The bridge is 800 feet (240 m) in length and consists of two 213-foot (65 m) bridge towers connected at the upper level by two horizontal walkways, and a central pair of bascules that can open to allow shipping. Originally hydraulically powered, the operating mechanism was converted to an electro-hydraulic system in 1972. The bridge is part of the London Inner Ring Road and thus the boundary of the London congestion charge zone, and remains an important traffic route with 40,000 crossings every day. The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, whereas the bridge's twin towers, high-level walkways, and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition. Tower Bridge has become a recognisable London landmark. It is sometimes confused with London Bridge, about 0.5 miles (800 m) upstream, which has led to a persistent urban legend about an American purchasing the wrong bridge. History Inception Elevation, with dimensions In the late 19th century, commercial development in the East End of London increased, leading to demand for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. A traditional fixed bridge at street level could not be built because it would cut off access by sailing ships to the port facilities in the Pool of London between London Bridge and the Tower of London.[2] A Special Bridge or Subway Committee chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman was formed in 1877 to find a solution.[3] More than fifty designs were submitted, including one from civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette, which was rejected because of a lack of sufficient headroom. A design was not approved until 1884 when it was decided to build a bascule bridge.[2][4] Sir John Wolfe Barry was appointed engineer and Sir Horace Jones the architect (who was also one of the judges).[5][6] An Act of Parliament authorising construction was passed in 1885. It specified that the opening span would provide a clear width of 200 feet (61 m) and headroom of 135 feet (41 m). The design had to be in a Gothic style.[5] Construction was funded by the Bridge House Estates, a charity established in 1282 for maintenance of London Bridge that subsequently expanded to cover Tower Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Southwark Bridge and the Millennium Bridge.[7] Barry designed a bridge with two bridge towers built on piers. The central span was split into two equal bascules or leaves, which could be raised to allow river traffic to pass. The two side spans were suspension bridges, with rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained in the bridge's upper walkways.[5] Construction Tower Bridge under construction, 1892 Construction started in 1886, with the foundation stone laid by the Prince of Wales on 21 June, and took eight years.[8][9] Major contractors included Sir John Jackson (foundations),[10] Armstrong, Mitchell and Company (hydraulics), William Webster,[11] and Sir William Arrol & Co.[12] 432 people worked on the site; E W Crutwell was the resident engineer for the construction.[13] Two piers, containing over 70,000 long tons (78,400 short tons; 71,123 t) of concrete, were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction.[14] More than 11,000 long tons (12,320 short tons; 11,177 t) of steel were used in the framework for the towers and walkways, which were then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone to protect the underlying steelwork.[15] Jones died in 1887, and George D. Stevenson took over the project.[16] Stevenson replaced Jones's original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which made the bridge a distinctive landmark and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London.[13][16] The total cost of construction was £1,184,000[9][13] (equivalent to £143 million in 2021).[17] Opening 1895 painting of the opening of Tower Bridge, William Lionel Wyllie Tower Bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by the Prince and Princess of Wales.[5][18] The opening ceremony was attended by the Lord Chamberlain, the Lord Carrington and the Home Secretary, H. H. Asquith.[9] An Act of Parliament stipulated that a tug boat should be on station to assist vessels in danger when crossing the bridge, a requirement that remained in place until the 1960s.[18] The bridge connected Iron Gate, on the north bank of the river, with Horselydown Lane, on the south – now known as Tower Bridge Approach and Tower Bridge Road, respectively.[13] Until the bridge was opened, the Tower Subway – 0.25 mi (400 m) to the west – was the shortest way to cross the river from Tower Hill to Tooley Street in Southwark. Opened in 1870, Tower Subway was among the world's earliest underground ("tube") railways, but it closed after just three months and was reopened as a tolled pedestrian foot tunnel. Once Tower Bridge was open, the majority of foot traffic transferred to using the bridge, as there was no toll to cross. Having lost most of its income, the tunnel was closed in 1898.[19] The high-level open-air walkways between the towers gained a reputation for prostitutes and pickpockets. Since they were only accessible by stairs, the walkways were seldom used by regular pedestrians and were closed in 1910.[20][21] The walkway reopened in 1982 as part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition.[20][22] 20th century Tower Bridge during the first mass air raid on London, 7 September 1940 Tower Bridge – 1950, BW Lee A Short Sunderland of No. 201 Squadron RAF moored at Tower Bridge during the 1956 commemoration of the Battle of Britain During the Second World War, Tower Bridge was seen as a major transport link to the Port of London, and consequently was a target for enemy action. In 1940, the high-level span took a direct hit, severing the hydraulic mechanism and taking the bridge out of action. In April 1941, a parachute mine exploded close to the bridge, causing serious damage to the bascule, towers, and engine room. In 1942, a third engine was installed in case the existing ones were damaged by enemy action.[23] It was a 150 hp horizontal cross-compound engine, built by Vickers Armstrong Ltd. at their Elswick works in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was fitted with a flywheel having a 9-foot (2.7 m) diameter and weighing 9 tons, and was governed to a speed of 30 rpm. The engine became redundant when the rest of the system was modernised in 1974 and was donated to the Forncett Industrial Steam Museum by the City of London Corporation.[24] The southern section of the bridge, in the London Borough of Southwark, was Grade I listed on 6 December 1949.[25] The remainder of the bridge, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, was listed on 27 September 1973.[26] In 1974, the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro-hydraulic drive system, designed by BHA Cromwell House, with the original final pinions driven by modern hydraulic motors.[27][28] In 1982, the Tower Bridge Exhibition opened, housed in the bridge's twin towers, the long-closed high-level walkways, and the Victorian engine rooms. The latter still houses the original steam engines and some of the original hydraulic machinery.[29][30][31] 21st century The bridge closed for a month in 2000 to repair the bascules and perform other maintenance.[32] A computer system was installed to control the raising and lowering of the bascules remotely. However, the system proved unreliable, resulting in the bridge being stuck in the open or closed positions on several occasions during 2005 until its sensors were replaced.[33] In April 2008, authorities announced that the bridge would undergo a £4 million refurbishment that would take four years to complete. The work entailed stripping existing paint down to bare metal and repainting in blue and white.[34][35] Before this, the bridge's colour scheme dated from 1977, when it was painted red, white, and blue for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. Its colours were subsequently restored to blue and white.[34][35] Each section was enshrouded in scaffolding and plastic sheeting to prevent the old paint falling into the Thames and causing pollution. Starting in mid-2008, contractors worked on a quarter of the bridge at a time to minimise disruption, but some road closures were inevitable. The completed work should stand for 25 years.[36] The renovation of the walkway interior was completed in mid-2009. The renovation of the four suspension chains was completed in March 2010 using a state-of-the-art coating system requiring up to six different layers of paint.[34] A lighting system based on RGB LED luminaires was installed, concealed within the bridge superstructure, and attached without drilling holes, owing to the bridge's Grade I listing.[37] Tower Bridge with Olympic Rings during the 2012 London Olympics On 8 July 2012, as part of the London Olympics, the west walkway was transformed into a 200-foot-long (61 m) Live Music Sculpture by the British composer Samuel Bordoli. 30 classical musicians were arranged along the length of the bridge 138 feet (42 m) above the Thames behind the Olympic rings. The sound travelled backward and forwards along the walkway, echoing the structure of the bridge.[38][39] Following the Olympics, the rings were removed from Tower Bridge and replaced by the emblem of the Paralympic Games for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.[40] In 2016, Tower Bridge was closed to all road traffic from 1 October to 30 December.[41] This was to allow structural maintenance work to take place on the timber decking, lifting mechanism and waterproofing the brick arches on the bridge's approaches. During this, the bridge was still open to waterborne traffic. It was open to pedestrians for all but three weekends when free ferry service was in operation.[42] Design Structure Tower Bridge at dawn The bridge is 800 feet (240 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers.[43] The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers is split into two equal bascules, or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass.[44] The bascules, weighing over 1,000 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimise the force required and allow raising in five minutes.[45] The two side spans are suspension bridges, each 270 feet (82 m) long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet (44 m) above the river at high tide and accessed by lifts and staircases.[5][13] There is a chimney on the bridge that is painted to look like a lamppost. It was connected to a fireplace in a guardroom located in one of the bridge piers.[46] Hydraulic system One of the original steam engines The original raising mechanism was powered by pressurised water stored in several hydraulic accumulators.[47] The system was designed and installed by Hamilton Owen Rendel while working for Armstrong, Mitchell and Company of Newcastle upon Tyne.[48][49] Water at a pressure of 750 psi (5.2 MPa) was pumped into the accumulators by a pair of stationary steam engines.[50] Each drove a force pump from its piston tail rod. The accumulators each comprise a 20-inch (51 cm) ram which sits a very heavy weight to maintain the desired pressure.[45] The entire hydraulic system along with the gas lighting system was installed by William Sugg & Co Ltd. The gas lighting was initially by open-flame burners within the lanterns, but was soon updated to the later incandescent system.[51] In 1974, the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro-hydraulic drive system, designed by BHA Cromwell House.[50] The only remaining parts of the old system are the final pinions, which fit into the racks on the bascules and were driven by hydraulic motors and gearing. Oil is now used in place of water as the new hydraulic fluid.[52] Signalling and control Tower Bridge, London, United Kingdom, 2018 Originally, river traffic passing beneath the bridge was required to follow several rules and signals. Daytime control was provided by red semaphore signals, mounted on small control cabins on either end of both of the bridge piers. At night, coloured lights were used, in either direction, on both of the piers: two red lights to show that the bridge was closed, and two green to show that it was open. In foggy weather, a gong was sounded as well.[13] Vessels passing through the bridge were required to display signals. By day, a black ball at least 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter was mounted high up where it could be seen. Night passage called for two red lights in the same position. Foggy weather required repeated blasts from the ship's steam whistle. If a black ball was suspended from the middle of each walkway (or a red light at night) this indicated that the bridge could not be opened. These signals were repeated about 1,000 yards (910 m) downstream, at Cherry Garden Pier, where boats needing to pass through the bridge had to hoist their signals/lights and sound their horn, as appropriate, to alert the Bridge Master.[13] Some of the control mechanism for the signalling equipment has been preserved and is housed in the Tower Bridge's museum.[53] Traffic The tall ship Wylde Swan passing under Tower Bridge decorated for the London Olympics in August 2012. Note the Olympic rings are folded up to allow passage of the mast.[54] Preparing Tower Bridge for raising. When this occurs, gates across the low-level part are closed and motorists are ordered to stop by a red light on ordinary traffic signals, not by a pair of flashing red lights. Road Tower Bridge is still a busy crossing of the Thames, used by more than 40,000 people (motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians) every day.[33] The bridge is on the London Inner Ring Road, and is on the eastern boundary of the London congestion charge zone (drivers do not incur the charge by crossing the bridge).[55] To maintain the integrity of the structure, the City of London Corporation has imposed a 20-mile-per-hour (32 km/h) speed restriction, and an 18-tonne (20-short-ton) weight limit on vehicles using the bridge. A camera system measures the speed of traffic crossing the bridge, using a number plate recognition system to send fixed penalty charges to speeding drivers.[56] A second system monitors other vehicle parameters. Induction loops and piezoelectric sensors are used to measure the weight, the height of the chassis above ground level, and the number of axles of each vehicle, with drivers of overweight vehicles also receiving fixed penalty notices.[56] Pedestrian From the outset, the high-level connection was a pedestrian route and was intended to allow pedestrian movement to continue while the bridge was open. This was closed in 1910 due to growing crime in this hidden area but was reopened in 1982 when a glass floor was also installed.[57] River The bascules are raised about a thousand times a year.[58] River traffic is now much reduced, but it still takes priority over road traffic. Today, 24 hours' notice is required before opening the bridge, and opening times are published in advance on the bridge's website;[59] there is no charge for vessels to open the bridge.[60] Proximity to Underground The nearest London Underground tube stations to Tower Bridge are Tower Hill on the Circle and District lines, London Bridge on the Jubilee and Northern lines and Bermondsey on the Jubilee line, and the nearest Docklands Light Railway station is Tower Gateway.[61] The nearest National Rail stations are at Fenchurch Street and London Bridge.[62] Cycling Transport for London have proposed Cycle Superhighway 4 to run across Tower Bridge.[63] Exhibition Interior of high-level walkway (used as an exhibition space) The Tower Bridge Exhibition is a display housed in the bridge's twin towers, the high-level walkways, and the Victorian engine rooms. It uses films, photos, and interactive displays to explain why and how Tower Bridge was built. Visitors can access the original steam engines that once powered the bridge bascules, housed in a building close to the south end of the bridge.[31] The exhibition charges an admission fee. The entrance is from the west side of the bridge deck to the northern tower, from where visitors ascend to level 4 by lift before crossing the high-level walkways to the southern tower. In the towers and walkways is an exhibition on the history of the bridge. The walkways also provide views over the city, the Tower of London and the Pool of London, and include a glass-floored section. From the south tower, visitors can visit the engine rooms, with the original steam engines, which are situated in a separate building beside the southern approach to the bridge.[64] Reaction Side view of Tower Bridge, from King's Stairs Gardens Although Tower Bridge is an undoubted landmark, professional commentators in the early 20th century were critical of its aesthetics. "It represents the vice of tawdriness and pretentiousness, and of falsification of the actual facts of the structure", wrote Henry Heathcote Statham,[65] while Frank Brangwyn stated that "A more absurd structure than the Tower Bridge was never thrown across a strategic river".[66] Benjamin Crisler, the New York Times film critic, wrote in 1938: "Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: Magna Carta, the Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock."[67] Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected Tower Bridge as one of his four choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary series Britain's Best Buildings.[68][69] The bridge and its surrounding landscape was depicted in an official BBC trailer for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup (in reference to London being one of the host cities).[70] Tower Bridge shown on the badge of Greater London South Scouts. Tower Bridge has been mistaken for the next bridge upstream, London Bridge.[71] A popular urban legend is that in 1968, Robert P. McCulloch, the purchaser of the old London Bridge that was later shipped to Lake Havasu City in Arizona, believed that he was buying Tower Bridge. This was denied by McCulloch himself and has been debunked by Ivan Luckin, the vendor of the bridge.[72] A partial replica of Tower Bridge has been built in the city of Suzhou in China. The replica differs from the original in having no lifting mechanism and four separate towers.[73] The Suzhou replica was renovated in 2019, giving it a new look that differs from the original London design.[74] Tower Bridge is the emblem of the Greater London Scout Region of The Scout Association and features on the badges of the six London Scout counties.[75] Incidents On 10 August 1912, the pioneering stunt pilot Francis McClean flew between the bascules and the high-level walkways in his Short Brothers S.33 floatplane. McClean became a celebrity overnight because of the stunt, and went on to fly underneath London Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge and Waterloo Bridge.[76][77] On 3 August 1922, a 13-year-old boy fell off a slipway next to the south side of Tower Bridge. A man jumped into the Thames to save him, but both were pulled under a barge by Butler's Wharf and drowned.[78] In December 1952, the bridge opened while a number 78 double-decker bus was crossing from the south bank. At that time, the gateman would ring a warning bell and close the gates when the bridge was clear before the watchman ordered the raising of the bridge. The process failed while a relief watchman was on duty. The bus was near the edge of the south bascule when it started to rise; driver Albert Gunter made a split-second decision to accelerate, clearing a 3-foot (1 m) gap to drop 6 feet (2 m) onto the north bascule, which had not yet started to rise. There were no serious injuries. Gunter was given £10 (equivalent to £310 in 2021[17]) by the City Corporation to honour his act of bravery.[79][80] On 5 April 1968, a Royal Air Force Hawker Hunter FGA.9 jet fighter from No. 1 Squadron made an unauthorised flight through Tower Bridge. Unimpressed that senior staff was not going to celebrate the RAF's 50th birthday with a flypast, the pilot flew at low altitude down the Thames without authorisation, past the Houses of Parliament, and continued towards the bridge. He flew beneath the walkway, at an estimated 300 miles per hour (500 km/h). He was placed under arrest upon landing, and discharged from the RAF on medical grounds without the chance to defend himself at a court martial.[81][82] On 31 July 1973, a single-engined Beagle Pup was twice flown under the pedestrian walkway of Tower Bridge by 29-year-old stockbroker's clerk Peter Martin. Martin, who was on bail following accusations of stock market fraud, then "buzzed" buildings in the city before flying north towards the Lake District, where he died when his aircraft crashed some two hours later.[83][84] In May 1997, the motorcade of United States President Bill Clinton was divided by the opening of the bridge. The Thames sailing barge Gladys, on her way to a gathering at St Katharine Docks, arrived on schedule and the bridge was opened for her. Returning from a Thames-side lunch at Le Pont de la Tour restaurant with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, President Clinton was less punctual and arrived just as the bridge was rising. The bridge opening split the motorcade in two, much to the consternation of security staff. A spokesman for Tower Bridge is quoted as saying: "We tried to contact the American Embassy, but they wouldn't answer the phone."[85] On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a Freeman of the City of London, drove a flock of two sheep across the bridge. He was exercising a claimed ancient permission, granted as a right to freemen, to make a point about the powers of older citizens and the way their rights were being eroded.[86] Before dawn on 31 October 2003, a Fathers 4 Justice campaigner climbed a 100-foot (30 m) tower crane near Tower Bridge at the start of a six-day protest dressed as Spider-Man.[87] Fearing for his safety, and that of motorists should he fall, police cordoned off the area, closing the bridge and surrounding roads and causing widespread traffic congestion across the City and East London. [88][89] On 11 May 2009, six people were trapped and injured after a lift fell 10 feet (3 m) inside the north tower.[90] On 9 August 2021, the bridge remained open after a technical failure.[91] The bridge had opened to let the Jubilee Trust Tall Ship through from 2 p.m. before getting stuck.[92][93] The bridge was closed and reopened to traffic approximately 12 hours later.[94] See also icon    London portal List of bridges in London Crossings of the River Thames Moveable bridges Pool of London Historic places adjacent to Tower Bridge HMS Belfast London Bridge Shad Thames St Katharine Docks Tower of London Comparison of the side elevations of the Tower Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale. (click for interactive version) References Citations  Portman, Derek (2004). "Henry Marc Brunel: Civil Engineer". Construction History. 20: 71–83. JSTOR 41613878.  Bracken 2011, p. 56.  Welch, Barry & Benham 1894, p. 159.  Welch, Barry & Benham 1894, pp. 158, 160.  Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 922.  Roberts 2005, p. 148.  "Bridge House Estates". Tower Bridge. City of London Corporation. Retrieved 1 July 2021.  "Thames – Bridges – Tower Bridge". Victorian London. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Further communication across the Thames at this point had been urgently needed for many years. The necessary Act was passed in 1885, the foundation stone laid by the Prince of Wales on June 21, 1886, and the work completed, at a cost of about a million sterling, in 1894.  "The Opening Of The Towerbridge". The Times. 2 July 1894. p. 11. Retrieved 23 June 2021.  "The Divers". Tower Bridge. City of London Corporation. Retrieved 23 June 2021.  Welch, Barry & Benham 1894, p. 219.  "Sir William Arrol". Tower Bridge. City of London Corporation. Retrieved 24 June 2021.  Tower Bridge 1994, p. 47.  Jepson & Porges 2014.  Jones 2005, p. 285.  Roberts 2005, p. 150.  UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.  Robins 2017, p. 17.  Smith 2001, pp. 22–23.  Smith, Oliver (8 January 2018). "Tower Bridge: fascinating facts and figures". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.  Rough Guides 1998, p. 152.  Hickman, Matt (12 November 2014). "Vertigo calling: Walkways at London's Tower Bridge outfitted with glass floors". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 24 October 2019.  Milne 2020, p. 153.  "The Tower Bridge Engine". Forncett Industrial Steam Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2007.  Historic England. "Tower Bridge (that part that lies within the Borough of Southwark) (1385980)". 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Robins, Chris (2017). The Ships That Came to the Pool of London: From the Roman Galley to HMS Belfast. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-66462-0. Shaw, Michael (1986). No.1 Squadron. Ian Allan. p. 157. ISBN 9780711015814. Smith, Denis (2001). Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2876-8. Smith, Hubert Shirley (1953). The World's Great Bridges. Phoenix House. p. 153. Spencer-Silver, Patricia; Stephens, John Hall (2005). Tower Bridge to Babylon: The Life and Work of Sir John Jackson, Civil Engineer. Six Martlets Publishing for the Newcomen Society. ISBN 978-0-954-48561-0. Stewart, Oliver (1964). Of Flight and Flyers – An Aerospace Anthology. Newnes. p. 40. Wade, John (2016). The Ingenious Victorians: Weird and Wonderful Ideas from the Age of Innovation. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-473-84902-0. Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5. Welch, Charles; Barry, John Wolfe; Benham, William (1894). History of the Tower Bridge and of Other Bridges Over the Thames Built by the Corporation of London: Including an Account of the Bridge House Trust from the Twelfth Century. Smith, Elder and Company. Journals "Tower Bridge". Archive – the Quarterly Journal for British Industrial and Transport History. Lightmoor Press (3). 1994. ISSN 1352-7991. Winchester, Clarence, ed. (13 July 1937). "Building the Tower Bridge". Wonders of World Engineering. London: Amalgamated Press. 1 (20): 575–580. Television Cruickshank, Dan (2 November 2002). "Tower Bridge". Britain's Best Buildings. Season 1. Episode 1. BBC. Bell, Rob (13 January 2021). "Tower Bridge: Gateway to London". London's Greatest Bridges. Season 1. Episode 2. Channel 5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tower Bridge. 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attractions in LondonTourist attractions in the London Borough of SouthwarkTourist attractions in the London Borough of Tower HamletsPrivately owned public spacesBridges in London1894 establishments in EnglandBridge light displays 50 Famous landmarks in London for your bucket list Discover 50 famous London landmarks, from Tower Bridge to Camden Market. Essential for any visitor to grasp the heart and soul of this extraordinary city. I grew up in Britain and have loved London since I was a small child. I’ve been fortunate to visit the city hundreds of times. It’s where I met my wife, Faye, who lived in London for 10 years. Together, we have created this list of what we believe are the most famous landmarks in London. Having visited them countless times, we are now revisiting these landmarks as we introduce our young son to the best places to visit in the city. Many of the most popular landmarks in London are in the central part of the city, though a few of the best London tourist attractions are spread out around the outskirts. The good news is that you’ll probably get to see most of the central London landmarks, even if your time is at a premium. We’ve included the best of the famous buildings in London, both old and new. We take you to all the best-known icons of London, but also show you a few of London hidden gems you might not otherwise see. We hope you enjoy our London landmarks guide. Image of Big Ben & London Eye - Two of the most famous London Landmarks 50 Famous London Landmarks 1. Buckingham Palace Image of one of the most famous landmarks in London, Buckingham Palace with spring daffodils in the garden Image of Bucvkingham Palace one of the most famous landmarks in london Image of the Changing of the Guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace, London. A famous London Landmark The King’s city centre des res, ‘Buck House’ is top of many people’s list of things to see in London, and it’s one of the city’s most famous buildings. It’s one of the focal points of royal London, with the processional avenue The Mall – one of the most famous streets in London – leading to it. It’s also surrounded by glorious Royal Parks and is the backdrop for the Changing of the Guard ceremony, which is the highlight of many people’s London visit. Tip: Buckingham Palace also opens its doors to visitors between July and September each year. Nearest Tube: Victoria or Green Park. Address: Westminster, London SW1A 1AA, United Kingdom Official site: Royal.uk : Other London Landmarks within walking distance – Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, 10 Downing Street 2. Big Ben – The Most Famous London Landmark Sightseeing London Image of Big Ben clock tower and statue of Queen Boadicea Image of Big Ben and a traditional red telephone box London England Uk. Two very famous London icons IMAGE OF BIG BEN IN LONDON. The famous london clock Big Ben is the most iconic landmark London has. It’s what the Leaning Tower of Pisa is to Italy, and the Eiffel Tower in Paris: the most obvious symbol of the city to the rest of the world. It’s now officially known as the Elizabeth Tower, and Big Ben is the name of the bell that chimes the hours inside. It’s often one of the first London landmarks people see when they visit London, and one of the greatest London icons of all. As of summer 2022, it can finally be seen again in all its glory after being covered in scaffolding for several years. Located in: Palace of Westminster Address: London SW1A 0AA, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: Westminster. More London Landmarks Close By – 10 Downing Street, London Eye, Westminster Abbey 3. Trafalgar Square Image of the National Gallery and Trafalgar Square, London Image of Trafalgar Square one of the most popular London sites for visitors Trafalgar Square is close to the official centre of London, and one of the city’s favourite meeting points. It’s one of the busiest places in London, often the venue for events. Its name commemorates a famous naval victory by Lord Nelson, who stands 60 metres above the hubbub on top of his Column surveying the scene. The Square is actually a collection of landmarks. As well as Nelson’s Column, there are the famous bronze lions around its base, the lovely Baroque St Martin in the Fields church and the National Gallery, one of the best museums in London and, for that matter, one of the best art galleries in the world. Tip: The Cafe in the Crypt below St Martin in the Fields is a great place for lunch or a snack, one of the best in the centre of London. Address: Trafalgar Sq, London WC2N 5DN, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: Charing Cross. London Landmarks close by – National Gallery, Portrait Gallery, The Strand, 10 Downing Street 4. Westminster Abbey – Famous London Church IMAGE OF THE OUTSIDE OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY LONDON Image of Westminster Cathedral. One of the most famous churches in London Westminster Abbey church is situated in Parliament Square, across the street from the Houses of Parliament. It’s where the nation’s kings and queens are crowned, and the resting place for many of them, as well as many other great British figures. It should be on any London must see list: it’s also one of the country’s great Gothic churches, and is the venue for some royal weddings, including that of Prince William and Kate Middleton in 2011. Most recently it was the venue for the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in September 2022. Tip: Get there for opening time at 9.30 am. Nearest Tube: Westminster 5. The London Eye Image of Queen Boadicea and chariot statue, with the London Eye behind Image of London Eye at dusk one of the most famous sites in London Image of the London eye at sunrise The Coca-Cola London Eye has been one of the top London attractions since the day it opened. If you plan to visit London for the first time, this vast ferris wheel is a great place from which you can get your bearings. It’s over 500 feet above the city and gives great views across London. Tip: If you can, keep a close eye on the weather forecast so that you get the best views possible. Your best chance of doing this, and having maximum flexibility, is during the winter ‘low season’, which isn’t especially low. Also, sunset and dusk are magical times for your ‘flight’ above the city. Address: Riverside Building, County Hall, South Bank, London SE1 7PB, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: Waterloo or Westminster. 6. St Paul’s Cathedral London for free Image of St Paul's Cathedral dome from the rooftop of One New Change IMAGE OF ST PAULS CATHEDRAL ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR LONDON ATTRACTIONS This magnificent cathedral is one of the most enduring symbols of London, and has been top of my personal list of what to see in London since I was a kid. The dome of the cathedral has dominated the western end of the City of London skyline since the 17th century, when it was built by Sir Christopher Wren to replace Old St Paul’s, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. It’s not just one of the finest London monuments, but one of the greatest of its age. It’s impressive enough outside, but be prepared to be blown away by the glittering golden Baroque interior. Tip: You can also climb the dome for some of the best views in London. Address: St. Paul’s Churchyard, London EC4M 8AD, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: St Paul’s (Central Line) See Also: 17 Beautiful Churches In London 7. City of London Skyline Image of the City of London skyline at night from Tower Bridge London England UK The City skyline from Tower Bridge Image of the City of London skyline at night from Southwark Bridge London skyline, with Southwark Bridge in the foreground The modern skyline of the city of London, 500 metres or so to the east of St Paul’s, now dwarfs the great old cathedral. It has long been one of the financial powerhouses of the world, and has been acquiring a skyline to match its status over the last two decades or so. Some of its skyscrapers resemble household gadgets and implements, like the Walkie-Talkie and Cheese Grater. Another, the Gherkin, is an elegant glass and steel structure in the shape of a humble vegetable. More skyscrapers are being added as we write this. Tip: Some of the best viewpoints of the City aren’t the most obvious. The walkway just to the east of Southwark Bridge is one. The front of the DLR train from Shadwell offers another, very dynamic view of it. Nearest Tube: Tower Hill, Liverpool Street, Monument or London Bridge. 8. The Tower of London Image of the Tower of London at night The Tower of London is one of the most famous places in London to visit. This fortress is over 900 years old, built by William the Conqueror in the late 11th century to consolidate his hold over his new realm. It has served as a castle, prison, home to the Royal Menagerie and now home to the Crown Jewels. It’s also home to some of the most famous London icons, the uniformed Beefeaters, or Yeomen Warders, who help show visitors around. Tip: Don’t miss the gorgeous St John’s Chapel in the White Tower – it’s one of the most beautiful Romanesque buildings in the UK. But you’re not allowed to photograph it. Nearest Tube: Tower Hill, and Tower Gateway on the DLR. Address: St Katharine’s & Wapping, London EC3N 4AB, United Kingdom 9. The Tower Bridge London – the Most Famous Bridge in London Image of Tower Bridge in London at dawn. One of the most beautiful bridges in London Image of Tower Bridge in London One of the most beautiful bridges in London, this unique bascule and suspension bridge has spanned the Thames since the late 19th century. Its middle section is occasionally raised to allow tall vessels to pass through. It also makes for a stunning viewpoint over the Tower of London, the City, the Shard and down river to the skyline of the financial district of Canary Wharf. It’s perennially one of the most popular places to see in London, and justifiably so. Tip: One of the best viewpoints is from near St Katharine’s Dock, form a jetty on the riverfront. It’s also magical at dawn in winter. Nearest Tube: Tower Hill, or Tower Gateway DLR. 10. The Shard London image of Famous London building the Shard Image of the Shard skyscraper in London at dawn The Shard standing high above the rest of London during a perfect winter dawn The tallest building in western Europe has been around less than a decade, but it’s firmly established as one of the main places to go in London. At over 1,000 feet in height, it’s certainly impossible to miss.The View from the Shard gives the highest view of London, which looks like a giant toytown metropolis from such a height. You can also stay there, eat there or do yoga there. Insider Tip: You’re likely to get the best views of London from the Shard in clear weather following rain. Nearest Tube: London Bridge See Also: 26 Famous UK Landmarks 11. Piccadilly Circus Image of Underground sign at Piccadilly Circus London Image of Eros statue in Piccadilly Circus London Eros – or rather Anteros – firing an arrow in Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus is one of the best-known London tourist places, a meeting point at the busy junction of several major streets in the heart of London‘s West End. The best-known Piccadilly sights are the statue of Eros in the heart of the square and the huge advertising screens across the street. It’s not really one of the best places to visit in London – if anything, it’s just famous for, well, being famous. Still, it’s one of the most Instagrammable places in London, and its busy future is assured for a long time yet. Insider Tip: The best time to visit Piccadilly Circus is at dusk, but bear in mind that it’s also popular with groups of pickpockets. Nearest Tube: Piccadilly Circus 12. BT Tower Image of the BT Tower from Regent's Park London The BT Tower from stunning Regent’s Park in springtime When I was a child, the tallest building in London was the space-age (well, it seemed like it at the time) Post Office Tower. It was opened in 1965, and in its early years the upper area was home to a revolving restaurant (these were de rigueur back in the day). Now known as the BT Tower, it’s a very important telecommunications hub, but no longer open to the public. Nowadays it’s somewhat forgotten in Fitzrovia, but still one of the most prominent landmarks in north London. The best place to see it is from the Regent’s Park. Insider Tip: The BT Tower is only open to the public one weekend a year – Open House Weekend, which is usually in September. The BT Tower is one of the most popular buildings to visit, so entry is decided by ballot in advance. Nearest Tube: Goodge Street, Warren Street or Great Portland Street. 13. Camden Market What to visit in London Image of Camden Lock bridge and market stalls Image of people on Camden High Street, London image of camden market London Camden became a kind of alternative cultural nexus in the 1970s, with music venues like the Roundhouse and Electric Ballroom hosting many punk gigs. Camden Market opened in 1974, with just 16 stalls near another music venue, Dingwalls. Out of the music scene Camden became one of the main centres of London fashion. Since then, Camden Market and Camden Stables Market have become as much a part of the London tourist trail as Big Ben and Trafalgar Square. It’s especially busy at weekends, when the throngs descend to explore the hundreds of clothes, music, craft and street food stalls. Tip: Kim’s Vietnamese Food Hut, in the Stables part of the Market, serves fantastic food – we’ve been returning there for over a decade. Nearest Tube: Camden Town or Chalk Farm. 14. Tate Modern Image of the Millennium Bridge and Tate Modern art gallery, London Top sights in London Image of Tate Modern art gallery at night Tate Modern art gallery and the Millennium Bridge at night One of the newer must do in London sights is Tate Modern, home to one of the best modern art museums in the world. It’s housed in the vast former Bankside Power Station, an awesome exhibition and performance space.   It’s at the southern end of the Millennium Bridge, the famous formerly wobbly footbridge that spans the River Thames, leading directly north to St Paul’s. Insider Tip: The Tate Modern Switch House is an extension of the original gallery, and its rooftop 65 metres above the ground offers wonderful panoramas of London and the Thames. Nearest Tube: Southwark 15. Albert Bridge Image of the Albert Bridge London at night. A famous london landmark The exquisite Albert Bridge in Chelsea, London at night The Albert Bridge links the suburbs of Chelsea and Battersea. It’s a unique bridge that’s part beam bridge, part suspension bridge and part Ordish-Lefeuvre design (no, I hadn’t heard of it either). It’s another of my personal favourite London landmarks, partly because I’ve passed it hundreds of times on the Cardiff-London coach route I used. It’s a little off the beaten path in London terms, and its relatively long distance from Tube stations keeps it that way. If you’re wondering where to go in London away from the crowds, the Albert Bridge, along with nearby historic Cheyne Walk, is a great place to start. Insider Tip: It’s lit up beautifully at night.Nearest Tube: Sloane Square or South Kensington, both around a mile (1.6km) away. The 170 bus from Victoria stops right next to it. 16. Red Telephone Boxes Image of a traditional red telephone box and Big Ben clock tower London England UK Image of five London red telephone boxes Covent Garden London England UK The row of five red phone boxes on Broad Court, Covent Garden The traditional red telephone boxes are among the most famous London landmarks, and they are also among the most common and widespread. They’re without doubt among the best sights in London, a huge favourite for photographers and for those selfies to send to your friends around the world They can be found all over central London, and there are different versions. Both the K2 – which you can find on Parliament Square – and the later K6 version were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott – in 1924, and were partly inspired by the tomb of Sir John Soane in Old St Pancras churchyard. Most of the red telephone kiosks in London are still operational, though rarely used for what they were designed for. Elsewhere in the country, they are used to house micro-libraries and even defibrillators. Their numbers have declined across the UK, but as the red phone box was voted the greatest British design of all time, many will hopefully survive in perpetuity. Tip: Covent Garden is a good place for red phone box photos in London.  As well as some examples on the Piazza, there is also a row of five red telephone boxes on Broad Court, just off Bow Street and a few steps away from the Royal Opera House. Did You Know: Sir Giles Gilbert Scott also designed Battersea Power Station and one of the most famous landmarks in England, Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. Nearest Tube: Covent Garden for those described above, but there are many around central London 17. London Underground Stations Image of Underground stationsign and Big Ben at night London England UK Image of Underground sign at Piccadilly Circus London The Underground sign at busy Piccadilly Circus The London Underground roundel and Tube station entrances are just as ubiquitous a London sight as the red K6 phone box. They are undoubtedly among the most famous landmarks in London, highly iconic in their own right, of course, saying, ”London!” as well as any other famous London landmark, even Big Ben. The London Underground signs can be found all over the centre of London and, of course, at stations all over the wider metropolis.   The best-known examples tend to be near other London landmarks, making for the perfect London photo opportunity, and these include at Westminster Tube station (with Big Ben) and on nearby Trafalgar Square with Nelson’s Column and the National Gallery in the background. 18. Kew Gardens Image of the Palm House Kew Gardens London England UK The stunning Palm House and Gardens Image of Kew Palace Kew GArdens London England UK Kew Palace was originally known as the Dutch House The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, are one of four World Heritage Sites in London, and it’s well worth making the trip out west to see them. The vast site, founded in 1759, is home to over 50,000 plant species, and it’s one of the best places to go in London on a sunny day, with a stroll along the glorious broad border walks or the shade of the incredible arboretum. Kew also has an incredibly rich architectural heritage, with several outstanding buildings worthy of a place on any London landmarks list. The Palm House is one of the first buildings you’ll see at Kew, and it’s the first glass house of such a magnitude to have been built – in 1844, to a design inspired by that of a ship. Allow plenty of time at Kew (last time we spent a whole day there). This will give you enough time to explore other London treasures around the Gardens, including Kew Palace, a 17th century gem where King George III lived for some years. And at the opposite end of the Gardens, the Great Pagoda, a superb Chinese-inspired tower offers wonderful views of the Gardens. Getting There: Train to either Kew Gardens (London Overground – followed by a 5-minute walk) or to Kew Bridge (South Western Railway, not connected with Kew Gardens station), from where it’s a 15-20 minute walk to the Victoria Gate entrance, or a short hop on the 65 bus which leaves from Kew Bridge stop H. See Also: Things To Do In West London – Parks, Pints And Palaces 19. London Roman Wall Image of the statue of Emperor Trajan and the Roman Wall London Emperor Trajan and the Roman Wall on Tower Hill The Roman London Wall was built around 200 AD to defend and fortify the garrison town and trading port of Londinium. The Romans built the wall from what is now Tower Gate, below the Tower of London, to a roughly rectangular plan with a series of Gates, continuing north to the modern Barbican, south to Ludgate (close to what is now St Paul’s Cathedral) and along the riverfront. The Roman London Wall hindered development until the Middle Ages, from when it gradually ceased to have any meaningful role. Much of it was built over or destroyed, but there is one section that is very well preserved, in Tower Hill Gardens, across the street from the Tower of London. One of the oldest London historical sites, it is also graced by a replica statue of the Emperor Trajan, who ruled from 98 to 117 AD.  It’s no more than a three-minute walk from the Tower of London entrance, so you can see one of the oldest landmarks in London as well as the Tower and Tower Bridge. 20. Canary Wharf Image of the high-rise towers of Canary Wharf at sunset Sunset on the high-rises of Canary Wharf Canary Wharf is one of the most famous London landmarks, a district of high-rise towers that is essentially overspill from the crowded City of London. It’s one of the biggest and busiest financial districts in the world, which began in the 1980s as a development of docklands in the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London. We can recall when it was little more than a single skyscraper – now it’s a huge cluster of them, burgeoning and showing no sign of stopping. The best views of Canary Wharf are from across the river at Greenwich, and upriver in the City of London, the Shard and, surprisingly, as far away as Waterloo Bridge (pictured). Exploring London ? You may like to take a look at our famous streets in London and our 50 famous buildings in London article. 21. Natural History Museum Image of Natural History Museum London England UK Natural History Museum in South Kensington Another of London’s most famous landmarks, the Natural History Museum is one of the great museums of the United Kingdom, indeed Europe. As you approach Central London from the west, there’s a strong chance you’ll pass it, a gigantic Victorian Gothic edifice that greets you as you pass through South Kensington. The scope of the Museum is astonishing, essentially covering the history of life on Earth and indeed beyond. What’s more, admission is free, although at the time of writing you may need to book your entry online in order to comply with ovid-19 measures. We always head for the dinosaurs which our Little Man finds particularly captivating, but with each visit we find something new to discover. It hosts a series of exhibitions, including the annual Wildlife Photographer of the Year. We confess to a tiny touch of bias with this famous London landmark, as it’s where we met for the first time. Getting there: South Kensington Tube 22. Red London Double Decker Buses Famous London landmark Image of a traditional Routemaster bus in London Image of red London double decker buses in trafalgar Square LondonA London double-decker bus is never far away One of the great, ubiquitous, universally recognised icons of London, the red London double decker bus makes it into our famous London landmarks selection by virtue of its near-omnipresence. OK, they move – at least that’s the idea – but they’re more often than not stuck in London traffic and you can’t possibly miss them. The forerunner of the London double decker bus was the horse-drawn omnibus, which was introduced in 1829 – the motorised omnibus was first used in the early 20th century. All London buses were painted red from 1907 onwards, with the route number and destination n the front. While living in London we frequently used London double decker buses to get around, and they are often more convenient, and offer a far more scenic perspective. They are also considerably cheaper, especially if you’re using an Oyster card. We loved delving into the history of London buses and the Tube at the excellent London Transport Museum in Covent Garden, which has a wonderful collection of London red double-decker buses, omnibuses, trains and more. 23. British Museum image of the famous london landmark the british museum The British Museum in Bloomsbury is a vast Neo-Classical building housing an astounding collection of cultural artefacts from around the world. The Museum was founded in 1753, but the present main building was completed over a century later, in 1857, to a design by Robert Smirke. Within 50 years even this proved inadequate due to the Museum’s ever-increasing collections, so the enormous North Wing was also added. The Museum underwent further changes at the Millennium when the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, designed by Lord Foster, was opened. This is the largest covered square in Europe, with a glass roof covering the space between the central dome and the galleries. It’s a great improvement on the previous set-up, making the Museum easier to navigate. That said, seeing even the highlights could detain you for quite some time. Getting there Russell Square Tube Address Great Russell St, Bloomsbury, London WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom Open 10:30am to 5:30pm Sat-Thurs, 10:00am to 8:30pm Friday Photo of people at the British Museum image of mummy at the British Museum in London image of Venus statue at British Museum London British Museum Venus 24. Portobello Road Market Image of houses on Portabello Road Notting Hill. One of the most famous streets in London Image of Alice's Antiques on Portobello Road London Alice’s is a famous stop on Portobello Road Market This mile-long market in Notting Hill is one of the most famous places in London. It’s typical London in that you see so many different sides to the city in a relatively short stretch, starting at the pastel-painted houses at the southern end and ending at the junction with Gonville Road, a couple of blocks beyond the Westway Flyover. Portobello Road Market is only in full swing on Saturdays, when all five sections open – the food and produce sections are open on weekdays. It’s best-known for its antique stalls and shops, which are open on Fridays and Saturdays, and there are usually hundreds of these stalls to browse. Portobello Road has been used as the setting for many movie scenes, including Notting Hill and our son’s favourite, Paddington 2, where the famous Alice’s Antiques shop doubles as Gruber’s Antiques, owned by the bear’s long-standing friend. Getting there: Ladbroke Grove (northern end) or Notting Hill Gate (southern end, better for antiques) Tube. 25. Cutty Sark Image of the Cutty Sark ship in Greenwich London UK image of figureheads in the Cutty Sark ship in London The Cutty Sark is one of the most iconic London landmarks, located close to the River thames and part of the Maritime Greenwich UNESCO World Heritage Site, one of four in London. This beautiful ship was the fastest of its time – it was launched in 1870 – and first served as a tea clipper, carrying cargo to China and returning with tea. With the advent of the steam ship a few years after its construction, it was used to transport wool from Australia, often venturing as far south as the dangerous Roaring Forties winds to save time on the journey. Its heyday was in the 1880s and 1890s, after which it was sold to a Portuguese company.  It was later acquired by a British owner and eventually opened as a museum ship in 1957. The Cutty Sark suffered devastating fire damage in 2007, but was impressively restored within just five years. Open daily 10am-5pm Address Romney Rd, London SE10 9NF 26. Battersea Power Station Image of Battersea Power Station London It’s a bit livelier now – Battersea Power Stavon pre-re-development The vast brick Art Deco Battersea Power Station was built in the 1930s by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, who was also responsible for Liverpool Anglican Cathedral and the iconic K6 red telephone boxes you still see around London. A second, almost identical structure was added in the 1950s, completing the iconic 4-chimneyed edifice we see today. For many years after decommissioning, Battersea Power Station was largely derelict, but over the last decade it has been transformed, with apartments, offices, bars and restaurants now occupying this amazing building. It even has its own brand-new Tube station on the Northern Line.   27. St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel Image of St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel London UK St Pancras Renaissance Hotel dominates Euston Road One of the finest landmarks in North London, this spectacular red-brick Victorian Gothic edifice could pass for one of ‘Mad’ King Ludwig’s Bavarian castles, and it wouldn’t look out of place looming above a valley in Slovakia or Transylvania either. Instead, it has to make do with the busy Euston Road, next door to King’s Cross Station.  Designed by George Gilbert Scott and opened in 1873 as the Midland Grand Hotel, it formed the front of St Pancras Station, which in recent years has been the London terminus for Eurostar trains from continental Europe. The original Hotel closed in 1935, and it wasn’t until 2011 that it was rescued from decades in the doldrums as rail offices and later disuse, restored to its ornate grandeur and glory and the new Hotel was opened. The interior, should you visit, is as impressive as the exterior.   Address: Euston Rd, London, NW1 2AR 28. Shakespeare’s Globe Image of Shakespeare's Globe theatre London England UK Shakespeare’s Globe at night Shakespeare’s Globe is a reconstruction of the late medieval galleried theatre where plays would have been performed during the lifetime of Britain’s most famous playwright, William Shakespeare. There are two theatres on the site, and the Globe is open-air with a thatched roof, unique in London as these had been banned since the Great Fire of London in 1666. It’s an amazing theatre space, where the actors and audience can see each other throughout performances. The exterior is a faithful replica of the 16th century, with half-timbered walls typical of the time. It’s just a couple of minutes’ walk from the bulk of Tate Modern, making a striking contrast indeed.   Address: 21 New Globe Walk, London SE1 9DT Nearest Tube: London Bridge 29. HMS Belfast Image of HMS Belfast River Thames LondonHMS Belfast is just upstream from Tower Bridge HMS Belfast is one of the most prominent famous London landmarks, occupying prime river space between London Bridge and Tower Bridge. This former warship, which was used during the Second World War including at the Normandy D-Day landings in 1944, is now a fascinating museum, one of five branches of the Imperial War Museum. The ship, which served until 1963, was the first British warship since HMS Victory (used by Lord Nelson in the early 19th century) to be preserved for posterity as a museum. It’s one of the most fascinating museums in London, with everything from a radar room to gun turrets and the crew’s living quarters. Address: The Queen’s Walk, London SE1 2JH, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: London Bridge 30. Wembley Stadium Unless you’re driving on the North Circular or approaching London Euston on the train, chances are you won’t see this famous London landmark, out in suburban north-west London. But if you get close its 133 metre high arch is an impressive sight, as iconic as the twin towers of the original Wembley Stadium which it replaced in 2007. Its capacity is 90,000, and it’s best known as a football (soccer) venue, hosting the annual English FA Cup Final, most England home football internationals, several NFL games a year, as well as various other one-off sporting events and music concerts.   Address: London HA9 0WS, United Kingdom Nearest Tube: Wembley 31. Palace Of Westminster / Houses of Parliament Image of the Houses of Parliament from the Albert Embankment LondonjThe Houses of Parliament from near Lambeth Bridge We’ve included the Palace of Westminster – more commonly referred to as the Houses of Parliament – as a separate landmark to Big Ben / the Elizabeth Tower as the latter is only a small part of a vast building. The present Palace of Westminster is possibly the ultimate masterpiece of Victorian Gothic architecture, heavily influenced by the 15th century English Perpendicular style. It was built between 1840 and 1876 to designs by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin, incorporating Westminster Hall, one of a few parts of the Palace to survive a devastating fire in 1834. The Palace of Westminster is home to the to chambers of British government, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. As the seat of parliamentary democracy for over 300 years, it has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with Westminster Abbey and St Margaret’s Church, both of which are also on Parliament Square.    Nearest Tube: Westminster 32. Covent Garden Piazza Image of cafes in Covent Garden Piazza LondonCafes in Covent Garden Piazza The Piazza in Covent Garden is one of the most famous squares in London,  and was the work of renowned architect Inigo Jones, the first British architect to embrace Roman classical principles. His Piazza was the first modern square in London, and was initially intended as a residential area. It was built between 1630 and 1635, and nobles and aristocrats sought out property on the new square. One of Jones’ main inspirations was the Piazza d’Arme (now Piazza Grande) in Livorno, one of Tuscany’s hidden gems. Image of St Paul's Church Covent Garden LondonSt Paul’s Church on Covent Garden Piazza is popularly known as the Actors Church The one surviving part of Jones’ original Piazza is the actors’ church of St Paul’s, Covent Garden, which stands in the western corner of the square. The most popular part of Covent Garden is the famous Covered Market, which is packed with boutique shops, cafes and restaurants. Covent Garden is a perennial hit with visitors, and the many street performers never take very long to pull a crowd. Nearest Tube: Covent Garden or Charing Cross    33. London Transport Museum Image of child looking at trolleybus in London Transport MuseumOur Little Fellow at the London Transport Museum The London Transport Museum is housed in one of the 19th century buildings that made up the Covent Garden flower and produce market. The market moved out in 1971, to be replaced by the London Transport Museum which has been there since 1980. It’s one of the best transport museums we’ve seen anywhere in the world, with an amazing collection of vintage train carriages, trolleybuses, iconic red double decker buses and more. For us, using London public transport is an essential part of the whole London experience, and if you enjoy doing so you’ll love delving into a bit of London history in this superb museum. Nearest Tube: Covent Garden 34. Chinatown Gate Imjage of Chinatown Gate LondonChinatown Gate London’s original Chinese community – and Chinatown – was based around Limehouse in the East End until the 1970s, when the present location, around Soho and Theatreland, became established. Since then, many Chinese restaurants, food stores, herbalists and massage parlours have moved to the area, which is marked by two gates – one at the east end of Gerrard Street, on the junction with Newport Place, and another on Wardour Street, around 20 metres away. The latter was opened in 2016 by Prince Andrew. Nearest Tube: Leicester Square   35. National Gallery Image of the National Gallery in LondonThe National Gallery in Trafalgar Square The National Gallery, on the north side of Trafalgar Square, is a fine Neoclassical building housing one of the world’s great art collections. It was built between 1832 and 1838 by William Wilkins, replacing two earlier inadequate locations on nearby Pall Mall. It was expanded in stages during the 19th century, and the interior has been modernised. The Sainsbury Wing, which houses temporary exhibitions, was added in 1991. Entry to the Gallery is free. Compared with, say, the Louvre, the number of paintings is relatively small, but the quality is unsurpassed, ranging from the likes of Holbein’s The Ambassadors to Seurat’s Bathers at Asnieres to Vincent van Gogh’s Sunflowers.     Nearest Tube: Charing Cross 36. Downing Street Image of Downing Street sign LondonThe famous Downing Street sign Downing Street is one of the most famous streets in London as Number 10 is the official residence of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In recent years there have been four different occupants, but one constant – the resident mouser, Larry the cat. Located off Whitehall, a short walk from Parliament Square, the street is somewhere few of us ever get to tread.  That doesn’t stop many visitors trying to peer through the railings at the end of the street trying to catch a glimpse of famous politicians walking along the street. Number 10 is more than an official home – it’s a government department, along with 11 Downing Street and 70 Whitehall, housing the Cabinet Office, the nerve centre of the UK Government. 37. V & A Museum Image of the courtyard of the V&A Museum LondonThe courtyard of the V&A The Victoria & Albert Museum – widely called the V & A – is one of the three outstanding museums in South Kensington, and it’s just across the street from the other two – the Natural History Museum and Science Museum. The Museum came into being following the Great Exhibition of 1851, and moved to its current site in 1857. It initially included many science-related exhibits, but these were eventually moved to the new Science Museum, and in 1899 it was formally renamed the Victoria & Albert Museum.   The buildings housing the V&A were added throughout the 19th century. The collection focuses on design, fine arts and decorative arts, and includes sculpture, furniture, photography and fashion. An exceptional museum, one of the best in the world. Nearest Tube: South Kensington 38. Imperial War Museum Image of the Imperial War Museum LondonThe Imperial War Museum in south London The original Imperial War Museum in London is housed in the main building of the former Bethlem Royal Hospital (also known colloquially as Bedlam), which was built in the early 19th century. It replaced an inadequate earlier building, and was built at a site then known as St George’s Fields in Southwark. This is the ‘home’ branch of the Imperial War Museum – others include another of our famous landmarks of London, HMS Belfast, and Churchill’s War rooms. The others are at the former air base at Duxford in Cambridgeshire and IWM North at Salford Quays in Manchester.    Nearest Tube: Lambeth North or Elephant & Castle 39. Barbican Centre Image of the Barbican estate London UKThe Barbican Estate in the City of London The Barbican Centre, on the northern boundary of the City of London, is not the prettiest of our famous London landmarks, but if you’re a Brutalist aficionado, you’ll be in heaven. The Barbican is a large housing estate, with around 2,000 apartments in a mixture of tower blocks and squares, and at its heart is the amazing Barbican Centre, one of the best arts centres I’ve visited anywhere on the planet, somewhere I’ve been a hundred times or more. Image of the towers of the Barbican estate from St Paul's Cathedral LondonThe towers of the Barbican from the dome of St Paul’s Cathedral I’d suggest taking a quick look around the Barbican if you’re in this part of London (close to Smithfield Market and St Bartholomew the Great Church). It’s somewhere that grew on me over many visits.   It was built between 1965 and 1976, and a great way to experience it is to play something contemporary on your headphones. I once played Wendy Carlos’ A Clockwork Orange soundtrack on my iPod as I walked through the estate to a concert, and I recommend doing the same for the all-in immersive experience. Nearest Tube: Barbican 40. Millennium Bridge Image of the Millennium Bridge and St Paul's Cathedral London at nightThe Millennium Bridge and St Paul’s The London Millennium Bridge also happens to be one of the best viewpoints in London. It commands superb views downriver towards Tower Bridge, and if you stand in the middle you have fantastic views of two other famous London landmarks – St Paul’s Cathedral to the north and Tate Modern to the south.   The Millennium Bridge opened in 2000, but a slight sideways wobble meant that it had to be closed for two years while repairs were carried out. But it’s now a must see in London, not least for those views. Nearest Tube: Blackfriars or Mansion House 41. The Gherkin – 30 St Mary Axe Image of The Gherkin sjkyscraper at night London UKThe Gherkin at night This famous London skyscraper is one of the most iconic London buildings, and acquired its nickname years before its completion.   The Gherkin was built on the site of the Baltic Exchange, which was destroyed by repair by an IRA bomb in 1992. Norman Foster was commissioned to build the Millennium Tower on the site, but these plans were scrapped because it was deemed too high – around 1,200 feet, even higher than The Shard across the Thames. Eventually it was decided to proceed with the Gherkin, a circular glass and steel tower housing over 40 storeys of commercial offices. It contrasts wonderfully with the 16th century tower of the church of St Andrew Undershaft on the corner of the street below. Nearest Tube:  Aldgate or Liverpool Street 42. Monument to the Great Fire of London Image of the Mionument to the Great Fire of LondonThe Monument to the Great Fire of London Modern London was shaped by the Great Fire of 1666, which destroyed most of the medieval city, leaving an enormous rebuild required. One of the first buildings to rise from the ruins was what became known as The Monument, a memorial Doric column commemorating the Fire. It was built by Sir Christopher Wren, architect of St Paul’s Cathedral and many other London churches, between 1671 and 1677. The site was chosen because of its proximity to Pudding Lane, where it is believed the Great Fire started on 2nd September 1666. It’s 160 feet (49 metres) high and is well worth the climb for the view above the surrounding rooftops to the City of London skyline. Nearest Tube: Monument 43. Hyde Park Hyde Park is the largest of the four Royal Parks in Central London. The 350-acre site is bounded by Park Lane to the east, Bayswater Road to the north, Knightsbridge to the south and Kensington Gardens to the west. Image of the Serpentine lake in Hyde Park LondonSwans on the Serpentine lake in Hyde Park The Park was originally founded by King Henry VIII and at first it was used as a royal hunting ground. The area was opened to the public a century later, in 1637. Speakers Corner, on the eastern edge of the park, has, since 1866, been a place where free speech can be espoused, and the right to do so is protected by law.   Hyde Park is also known for its vast concerts, including the likes of Pink Floyd and the Rolling Stones, and has also been the scene of mass protests. Nearest Tube stations: Hyde Park Corner, Marble Arch, Lancaster Gate or Knightsbridge.   44. Regent’s Park Image of The Regent's Park London in springtimeThe Regent’s Park in springtime Like Hyde Park, the Regent’s Park was originally used as hunting grounds by Henry VIII. In the early 19th century the area was landscaped by John Nash, who also built some of the Park’s surrounding terraces. Nash was also responsible for other famous London landmarks including Buckingham Palace and Marble Arch, and the Royal Pavilion in Brighton.   Regent’s Park has long been one of our favourite London parks. There are some wonderful walks in both the formal and informal gardens, and four different children’s playgrounds where the kids can have a run around. They may also be tempted by London Zoo, which is in the north-west of the Park. The northern end of Regent’s Park is also close to Primrose Hill, which offers a higher viewpoint over the skyline of Central London.     Nearest Tube: Regent’s Park, Baker Street, Great Portland Street (south side) and Mornington Crescent (north side, 5 minutes’ walk from Gloucester Gate) 45. Kensington Palace Image of Kensington Palace LondonKensington Palace Kensington Palace is a 17th century royal palace that is home to several members of the royal family – the Prince and Princess of Wales and their children, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, Prince and Princess Michael of Kent and the Duke and Duchess of Kent. It is also renowned for being the former residence of Diana, Princess of Wales. The Palace dates from the Jacobean period (early 17th century, during the reign of James I), and was later expanded by royal residents including William II and Mary II (who also resided at Hampton Court below). Their successors, Queen Anne, George I and George II also lived there. Kensington Palace is situated at the western end of Kensington Gardens, a short walk from the popular Diana Memorial Playground. Parts of the Palace are open to the public, including the State Rooms, where some of the immensely impressive Royal Collection of art is on display. Nearest Tube: High Street Kensington   46. Princess Diana Memorial Fountain Image of Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain HYde Park LondonThe Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain The Princess Diana Memorial Fountain is in Hyde Park, just to the south of the Serpentine lake. It was opened in 2004, seven years after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in a car crash in Paris. The fountain – which resembles a stream – is made from over 500 blocks of granite from Cornwall. It is meant to reflect the princess’s open, friendly personality, with many people able to sit on the side of the fountain and dip their feet in the water, or for kids to take a walk in it. It’s very popular with families during the warmer months, and together with the nearby (1 km walk) Princess Diana Memorial Playground makes for a great day out with the kids. Nearest Tube: Knightsbridge or Lancaster Gate   47. Hampton Court Palace Image of gatehouse at Hampton Court Palace LondonThe Tudor gatehouse at Hampton Court Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in East Molesey, 12 miles (19 km) from the centre of London. It was begun in 1514 for cardinal Thomas Wolsey, but eventually given over to King Henry VIII, who made it his principal residence. Hampton Court is one of the best examples of Tudor architecture in England, especially its gatehouse, Great Hall and Great Kitchens. At one time during the 17th century demolition was considered, but the existing Palace was retained, and the Baroque part of it added by Sir Christopher Wren. Nearest station:  Hampton Court Tip: If you have kids, there’s a great play area and also a Maze. 48. Hampstead Heath Image of Hampstead Heath London UKOne of the ponds on Hampstead Heath By far the largest of our famous London landmarks, Hampstead Heath is a hill in North London overlooking much of the metropolis. It’s one of the parks in London, with some wooded areas, country walks and Parliament Hill, with its famous view over London. You can also go swimming in Hampstead Heath Ponds, three natural ponds, or Parliament Hill Lido, an outdoor swimming pool open all year. We often explore the gardens around Kenwood House, which has a superb art collection (Rembrandt, Vermeer and Turner among others) – this is one of the best free places to visit in London. From Kenwood, it’s less than a five-minute walk to one of the best historic pubs in London, The Spaniards Inn.   Famous landmarks in london location map To help you plan your time in London I created this map to show all the London landmarks I’ve mentioned in this article.   You can see that many of the sites are located close to each other. To use this map, simply use your fingers or mouse to zoom in and out, and click on the icons to see more information about each location. Click the arrow in the top left-hand corner to access the map index. You can also save the map to your own Google Maps account by clicking on the star next to the map’s title. To view the saved map on your phone or computer, open Google Maps, click on the menu, and go to “Your places/maps.” Finally, if you want to print the map or view it in a larger window, click on “View larger map” in the top right-hand corner. Bridge Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the structure. For the card game, see Contract bridge. For other uses, see Bridge (disambiguation) and Bridges (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bridge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey Underneath the Fort Pitt Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US The old stone-made arch bridge over the Kerava River in Kerava, Finland A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or railway) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, and the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. The earliest bridges were likely made with fallen trees and stepping stones. The Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges across marshland. The Arkadiko Bridge (dating from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese) is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Etymology The Stone Bridge in Skopje, North Macedonia The Siosepol bridge over Zayandeh River is an example of Safavid dynasty (1502–1722) bridge design. Isfahan, Iran. The 13th century Wetherby Bridge spans the River Wharfe. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning.[1][2]: bridge1  The word can be traced directly back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-.[citation needed] The origin of the word for the card game of the same name is unknown.[2]: bridge2  History Seasonal bridge north of Jispa, H.P., India. 2010 Bridges in Amsterdam, Netherlands The simplest and earliest types of bridges were stepping stones. Neolithic people also built a form of boardwalk across marshes; examples of such bridges include the Sweet Track and the Post Track in England, approximately 6000 years old.[3] Undoubtedly, ancient people would also have used log bridges; that is a timber bridge[4] that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first human-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees.[5] Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden bridge that crossed upper Lake Zürich in Switzerland; prehistoric timber pilings discovered to the west of the Seedamm causeway date back to 1523 BC. The first wooden footbridge there led across Lake Zürich; it was reconstructed several times through the late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a 6-metre-wide (20 ft) wooden bridge to carry transport across the lake. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that was used until 1878; it was approximately 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) wide. On April 6, 2001, a reconstruction of the original wooden footbridge was opened; it is also the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland. The Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenaean corbel arch bridges part of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots, between the fort of Tiryns and town of Epidauros in the Peloponnese, in southern Greece. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese.[6] Samuel Beckett Bridge in Dublin, Ireland The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans.[7] The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today.[8] An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone.[9] One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost (then later rediscovered). In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges.[10] A Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep.[11] The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of emperor Chandragupta I.[11] The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century.[12] A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.[13] Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States period, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui dynasty. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.[citation needed] Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. The Ashanti built bridges over streams and rivers.[14][15] They were constructed by pounding four large forked tree trunks into the stream bed, placing beams along these forked pillars, then positioning cross-beams that were finally covered with four to six inches of dirt.[15] During the 18th century, there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.[16] With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.[17] The covered bridge in West Montrose, Ontario, Canada In Canada and the United States, numerous timber covered bridges were built in the late 1700s to the late 1800s, reminiscent of earlier designs in Germany and Switzerland. Some covered bridges were also built in Asia.[18] In later years, some were partly made of stone or metal but the trusses were usually still made of wood; in the United States, there were three styles of trusses, the Queen Post, the Burr Arch and the Town Lattice.[19] Hundreds of these structures still stand in North America. They were brought to the attention of the general public in the 1990s by the novel, movie, and play The Bridges of Madison County.[20][21] In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world, the Maurzyce Bridge which was later built across the river Słudwia at Maurzyce near Łowicz, Poland in 1929. In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.[22] Types of bridges Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used. Structure types Bridges may be classified by how the actions of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of these to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces and moments may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed bridge, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss. Beam bridge Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either simply supported when the beams only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are connected across two or more spans. When there are multiple spans, the intermediate supports are known as piers. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple structures. In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden beams to large, steel boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes a shear and flexural load on the beam which is transferred down its length to the substructures on either side[23] They are typically made of steel, concrete or wood. Girder bridges and plate girder bridges, usually made from steel, are types of beam bridges. Box girder bridges, made from steel, concrete, or both, are also beam bridges. Beam bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the flexural stresses increase proportionally to the square of the length (and deflection increases proportionally to the 4th power of the length).[24] However, the main span of the Rio–Niteroi Bridge, a box girder bridge, is 300 metres (980 ft).[citation needed] The world's longest beam bridge is Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in southern Louisiana in the United States, at 23.83 miles (38.35 km), with individual spans of 56 feet (17 m).[25] Beam bridges are the simplest and oldest type of bridge in use today,[26] and are a popular type.[27] Truss bridge A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early twentieth-century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials. Cantilever bridge Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the supporting piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials and techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action of the forces through the bridge. Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam connecting the two cantilevers, for extra strength. The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft) Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada. Arch bridge Arch bridges have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks, and include the Arkadiko Bridge. With the span of 220 metres (720 ft), the Solkan Bridge over the Soča River at Solkan in Slovenia is the second-largest stone bridge in the world and the longest railroad stone bridge. It was completed in 1905. Its arch, which was constructed from over 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of stone blocks in just 18 days, is the second-largest stone arch in the world, surpassed only by the Friedensbrücke (Syratalviadukt) in Plauen, and the largest railroad stone arch. The arch of the Friedensbrücke, which was built in the same year, has the span of 90 m (295 ft) and crosses the valley of the Syrabach River. The difference between the two is that the Solkan Bridge was built from stone blocks, whereas the Friedensbrücke was built from a mixture of crushed stone and cement mortar.[28] The world's largest arch bridge is the Chaotianmen Bridge over the Yangtze River with a length of 1,741 m (5,712 ft) and a span of 552 m (1,811 ft). The bridge was opened April 29, 2009, in Chongqing, China.[29] Tied arch bridge Tied-arch bridges have an arch-shaped superstructure, but differ from conventional arch bridges. Instead of transferring the weight of the bridge and traffic loads into thrust forces into the abutments, the ends of the arches are restrained by tension in the bottom chord of the structure. They are also called bowstring arches. Suspension bridge Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the bed of the lake, river or sea. Sub-types include the simple suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the self-anchored suspension bridge. There is also what is sometimes called a "semi-suspension" bridge, of which the Ferry Bridge in Burton-upon-Trent is the only one of its kind in Europe.[30] The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 4,608 m (15,118 ft) 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey. Cable-stayed bridge Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension bridges, are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately higher.[31] The first known cable-stayed bridge was designed in 1784 by C. T. (or C. J.) Löscher.[32][33] The longest cable-stayed bridge since 2012 is the 1,104 m (3,622 ft) Russky Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia.[34] Ford-Bridge A ford bridge allows the flow of water over the way. Some Engineers sub-divide 'beam' bridges into slab, beam-and-slab and box girder on the basis of their cross-section.[35] A slab can be solid or voided (though this is no longer favored for inspectability reasons) while beam-and-slab consists of concrete or steel girders connected by a concrete slab.[36] A box-girder cross-section consists of a single-cell or multi-cellular box. In recent years, integral bridge construction has also become popular. Fixed or movable bridges "Fixed link" redirects here. For other uses, see Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links and Link (disambiguation). Tank bridge transporter of the United States Army. These are mobile bridges; tanks and other vehicles can use them to cross certain obstacles. Most bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they have no moving parts and stay in one place until they fail or are demolished. Temporary bridges, such as Bailey bridges, are designed to be assembled, taken apart, transported to a different site, and re-used. They are important in military engineering and are also used to carry traffic while an old bridge is being rebuilt. Movable bridges are designed to move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic, which would otherwise be too tall to fit. These are generally electrically powered.[37] The Tank bridge transporter (TBT) has the same cross-country performance as a tank even when fully loaded. It can deploy, drop off and load bridges independently, but it cannot recover them.[citation needed] Double-decked bridges The double-decked George Washington Bridge, connecting New York City to Bergen County, New Jersey, US, is the world's busiest bridge, carrying 106 million vehicles annually.[38][39] See also: List of multi-level bridges Double-decked (or double-decker) bridges have two levels, such as the George Washington Bridge, connecting New York City to Bergen County, New Jersey, US, as the world's busiest bridge, carrying 102 million vehicles annually;[38][39] truss work between the roadway levels provided stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of the upper level when the lower level was installed three decades after the upper level. The Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong have six lanes on their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks for MTR metro trains. Some double-decked bridges only use one level for street traffic; the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis reserves its lower level for automobile and light rail traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at the University of Minnesota). Likewise, in Toronto, the Prince Edward Viaduct has five lanes of motor traffic, bicycle lanes, and sidewalks on its upper deck; and a pair of tracks for the Bloor–Danforth subway line on its lower deck. The western span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also has two levels. Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne, completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-decked bridge. The upper level carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. Other examples include Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern Ireland. The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö consists of a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. Tower Bridge in London is different example of a double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting of a low-level bascule span and a high-level footbridge. Viaducts Main article: Viaduct A viaduct is made up of multiple bridges connected into one longer structure. The longest and some of the highest bridges are viaducts, such as the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and Millau Viaduct. Multi-way bridge The Tridge is a type of multi-way bridge Main article: Multi-way bridge A multi-way bridge has three or more separate spans which meet near the center of the bridge. Multi-way bridges with only three spans appear as a "T" or "Y" when viewed from above. Multi-way bridges are extremely rare. The Tridge, Margaret Bridge, and Zanesville Y-Bridge are examples. Bridge types by use A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such as trains, pedestrian or road traffic (road bridge), a pipeline (Pipe bridge) or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. Overway is a term for a bridge that separates incompatible intersecting traffic, especially road and rail.[40] A bridge can carry overhead power lines as does the Storstrøm Bridge.[citation needed] Some bridges accommodate other purposes, such as the tower of Nový Most Bridge in Bratislava, which features a restaurant, or a bridge-restaurant which is a bridge built to serve as a restaurant. Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas.[41] Conservationists use wildlife overpasses to reduce habitat fragmentation and animal-vehicle collisions.[42] The first animal bridges sprung up in France in the 1950s, and these types of bridges are now used worldwide to protect both large and small wildlife.[43][44][45] Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and the undertimbers of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. Some bridges attract people attempting suicide, and become known as suicide bridges.[46][47] Bridge types by material The Iron Bridge completed in 1781 was the first cast iron bridge. Krämerbrücke in Erfurt, Germany – with half timbered buildings Small stone bridge, Othonoi, Greece The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize bridges. Until the end of the 18th century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry. Modern bridges are currently built in concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless steel or combinations of those materials. Living bridges have been constructed of live plants such as Ficus elastica tree roots in India[48] and wisteria vines in Japan.[49] Bridge type    Materials used Cantilever    For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from structural steel, or box girders built from prestressed concrete.[50] Suspension    The cables are usually made of steel cables galvanised with zinc,[citation needed] along with most of the bridge, but some bridges are still made with steel-reinforced concrete.[51] Arch    Stone, brick and other such materials that are strong in compression and somewhat so in shear. Beam    Beam bridges can use pre-stressed concrete, an inexpensive building material, which is then embedded with rebar. The resulting bridge can resist both compression and tension forces.[52] Truss    The triangular pieces of truss bridges are manufactured from straight and steel bars, according to the truss bridge designs.[53] Analysis and design Highway overpass under construction in 2021, over Interstate 5 in Burbank, California Unlike buildings whose design is led by architects, bridges are usually designed by engineers. This follows from the importance of the engineering requirements; namely spanning the obstacle and having the durability to survive, with minimal maintenance, in an aggressive outdoor environment.[36] Bridges are first analysed; the bending moment and shear force distributions are calculated due to the applied loads. For this, the finite element method is the most popular. The analysis can be one-, two-, or three-dimensional. For the majority of bridges, a two-dimensional plate model (often with stiffening beams) is sufficient or an upstand finite element model.[54] On completion of the analysis, the bridge is designed to resist the applied bending moments and shear forces, section sizes are selected with sufficient capacity to resist the stresses. Many bridges are made of prestressed concrete which has good durability properties, either by pre-tensioning of beams prior to installation or post-tensioning on site. In most countries, bridges, like other structures, are designed according to Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles. In simple terms, this means that the load is factored up by a factor greater than unity, while the resistance or capacity of the structure is factored down, by a factor less than unity. The effect of the factored load (stress, bending moment) should be less than the factored resistance to that effect. Both of these factors allow for uncertainty and are greater when the uncertainty is greater. Aesthetics The Prins Clausbrug across the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal in Utrecht, Netherlands The World Heritage Site of Stari Most (Old Bridge) gives its name to the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Most bridges are utilitarian in appearance, but in some cases, the appearance of the bridge can have great importance.[55] Often, this is the case with a large bridge that serves as an entrance to a city, or crosses over a main harbor entrance. These are sometimes known as signature bridges. Designers of bridges in parks and along parkways often place more importance on aesthetics, as well. Examples include the stone-faced bridges along the Taconic State Parkway in New York. Bridge at Gatwick Airport, under which planes can pass Generally bridges are more aesthetically pleasing if they are simple in shape, the deck is thinner (in proportion to its span), the lines of the structure are continuous, and the shapes of the structural elements reflect the forces acting on them.[56] To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called a Moon bridge, evoking a rising full moon. Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream-washed pebbles, intended only to convey an impression of a stream. Often in palaces, a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor and Empress, with their attendants. Bridge maintenance Highway bridge treated with high-frequency impact treatment The estimated life of bridges varies between 25 and 80 years depending on location and material.[57][58] However, bridges may age hundred years with proper maintenance and rehabilitation. Bridge maintenance consisting of a combination of structural health monitoring and testing. This is regulated in country-specific engineer standards and includes an ongoing monitoring every three to six months, a simple test or inspection every two to three years and a major inspection every six to ten years. In Europe, the cost of maintenance is considerable[35] and is higher in some countries than spending on new bridges. The lifetime of welded steel bridges can be significantly extended by aftertreatment of the weld transitions. This results in a potential high benefit, using existing bridges far beyond the planned lifetime. Bridge traffic loading While the response of a bridge to the applied loading is well understood, the applied traffic loading itself is still the subject of research.[59] This is a statistical problem as loading is highly variable, particularly for road bridges. Load Effects in bridges (stresses, bending moments) are designed for using the principles of Load and Resistance Factor Design. Before factoring to allow for uncertainty, the load effect is generally considered to be the maximum characteristic value in a specified return period. Notably, in Europe, it is the maximum value expected in 1000 years. Bridge standards generally include a load model, deemed to represent the characteristic maximum load to be expected in the return period. In the past, these load models were agreed by standard drafting committees of experts but today, this situation is changing. It is now possible to measure the components of bridge traffic load, to weigh trucks, using weigh-in-motion (WIM) technologies. With extensive WIM databases, it is possible to calculate the maximum expected load effect in the specified return period. This is an active area of research, addressing issues of opposing direction lanes,[60][61] side-by-side (same direction) lanes,[62][63] traffic growth,[64] permit/non-permit vehicles[65] and long-span bridges (see below). Rather than repeat this complex process every time a bridge is to be designed, standards authorities specify simplified notional load models, notably HL-93,[66][67] intended to give the same load effects as the characteristic maximum values. The Eurocode is an example of a standard for bridge traffic loading that was developed in this way.[68] Traffic loading on long span bridges Traffic on Forth Road Bridge, Scotland, before it was closed to general traffic. Traffic has now been moved to the Queensferry Crossing, which can be seen on the left. Most bridge standards are only applicable for short and medium spans[69] - for example, the Eurocode is only applicable for loaded lengths up to 200 m. Longer spans are dealt with on a case-by-case basis. It is generally accepted that the intensity of load reduces as span increases because the probability of many trucks being closely spaced and extremely heavy reduces as the number of trucks involved increases. It is also generally assumed that short spans are governed by a small number of trucks traveling at high speed, with an allowance for dynamics. Longer spans on the other hand, are governed by congested traffic and no allowance for dynamics is needed. Calculating the loading due to congested traffic remains a challenge as there is a paucity of data on inter-vehicle gaps, both within-lane and inter-lane, in congested conditions. Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) systems provide data on inter-vehicle gaps but only operate well in free flowing traffic conditions. Some authors have used cameras to measure gaps and vehicle lengths in jammed situations and have inferred weights from lengths using WIM data.[70] Others have used microsimulation to generate typical clusters of vehicles on the bridge.[71][72][73] Bridge vibration Bridges vibrate under load and this contributes, to a greater or lesser extent, to the stresses.[36] Vibration and dynamics are generally more significant for slender structures such as pedestrian bridges and long-span road or rail bridges. One of the most famous examples is the Tacoma Narrows Bridge that collapsed shortly after being constructed due to excessive vibration. More recently, the Millennium Bridge in London vibrated excessively under pedestrian loading and was closed and retrofitted with a system of dampers. For smaller bridges, dynamics is not catastrophic but can contribute an added amplification to the stresses due to static effects. For example, the Eurocode for bridge loading specifies amplifications of between 10% and 70%, depending on the span, the number of traffic lanes and the type of stress (bending moment or shear force).[74] Vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction There have been many studies of the dynamic interaction between vehicles and bridges during vehicle crossing events. Fryba[75] did pioneering work on the interaction of a moving load and an Euler-Bernoulli beam. With increased computing power, vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) models have become ever more sophisticated.[76][77][78][79] The concern is that one of the many natural frequencies associated with the vehicle will resonate with the bridge first natural frequency.[80] The vehicle-related frequencies include body bounce and axle hop but there are also pseudo-frequencies associated with the vehicle's speed of crossing[81] and there are many frequencies associated with the surface profile.[59] Given the wide variety of heavy vehicles on road bridges, a statistical approach has been suggested, with VBI analyses carried out for many statically extreme loading events.[82] Bridge failures See also: List of bridge failures Mississippi Highway 33 bridge over the Homochitto River failed due to flood induced erosion The failure of bridges is of special concern for structural engineers in trying to learn lessons vital to bridge design, construction and maintenance. The failure of bridges first assumed national interest in Britain during the Victorian era when many new designs were being built, often using new materials, with some of them failing catastrophically. In the United States, the National Bridge Inventory tracks the structural evaluations of all bridges, including designations such as "structurally deficient" and "functionally obsolete". Bridge health monitoring There are several methods used to monitor the condition of large structures like bridges. Many long-span bridges are now routinely monitored with a range of sensors, including strain transducers, accelerometers,[83] tiltmeters, and GPS. Accelerometers have the advantage that they are inertial, i.e., they do not require a reference point to measure from. This is often a problem for distance or deflection measurement, especially if the bridge is over water.[84] Crowdsourcing bridge conditions by accessing data passively captured by cell phones, which routinely include accelerometers and GPS sensors, has been suggested as an alternative to including sensors during bridge construction and an augment for professional examinations.[85] An option for structural-integrity monitoring is "non-contact monitoring", which uses the Doppler effect (Doppler shift). A laser beam from a Laser Doppler Vibrometer is directed at the point of interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from the Doppler shift of the laser beam frequency due to the motion of the surface.[86] The advantage of this method is that the setup time for the equipment is faster and, unlike an accelerometer, this makes measurements possible on multiple structures in as short a time as possible. Additionally, this method can measure specific points on a bridge that might be difficult to access. However, vibrometers are relatively expensive and have the disadvantage that a reference point is needed to measure from. Snapshots in time of the external condition of a bridge can be recorded using Lidar to aid bridge inspection.[87] This can provide measurement of the bridge geometry (to facilitate the building of a computer model) but the accuracy is generally insufficient to measure bridge deflections under load. While larger modern bridges are routinely monitored electronically, smaller bridges are generally inspected visually by trained inspectors. There is considerable research interest in the challenge of smaller bridges as they are often remote and do not have electrical power on site. Possible solutions are the installation of sensors on a specialist inspection vehicle and the use of its measurements as it drives over the bridge to infer information about the bridge condition.[88][89][90] These vehicles can be equipped with accelerometers, gyrometers, Laser Doppler Vibrometers[91][92] and some even have the capability to apply a resonant force to the road surface in order to dynamically excite the bridge at its resonant frequency. 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"Cell phones track bridge integrity". Science News (Paper). Vol. 202, no. 10. p. 8.  "Basic Principles of Vibrometry". polytec.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.  Omer; et al. (2018). "Performance evaluation of bridges using virtual reality". Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6) & 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), Glasgow, Scotland.  Yang, Y.-B.; Lin, C.W.; Yau, J.D. (May 2004). "Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle". Journal of Sound and Vibration. 272 (3–5): 471–493. Bibcode:2004JSV...272..471Y. doi:10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00378-X.  Yang, Y. B.; Yang, Judy P. (February 2018). "State-of-the-Art Review on Modal Identification and Damage Detection of Bridges by Moving Test Vehicles". International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics. 18 (2): 1850025. doi:10.1142/S0219455418500256. ISSN 0219-4554.  Malekjafarian, Abdollah; McGetrick, Patrick J.; OBrien, Eugene J. (2015). "A Review of Indirect Bridge Monitoring Using Passing Vehicles". Shock and Vibration. 2015: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2015/286139. ISSN 1070-9622.  OBrien, E. J.; Keenahan, J. (May 2015). "Drive-by damage detection in bridges using the apparent profile". Structural Control and Health Monitoring. 22 (5): 813–825. doi:10.1002/stc.1721. hdl:10197/7053. S2CID 55735216.  Malekjafarian, Abdollah; Martinez, Daniel; OBrien, Eugene J. (2018). "The Feasibility of Using Laser Doppler Vibrometer Measurements from a Passing Vehicle for Bridge Damage Detection". Shock and Vibration. 2018: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2018/9385171. ISSN 1070-9622. Further reading Bagher Shemirani, Alireza. Experimental and numerical studies of concrete bridge decks using ultra high-performance concrete and reinforced concrete. Computers and Concrete, 29(6), p. 407-418, 2022. doi:10.12989/cac.2022.29.6.407 Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature. Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books, 2005. ISBN 1-55407-099-6. Sandak, Cass R. Bridges. An Easy-read modern wonders book. New York: F. Watts, 1983. ISBN 0-531-04624-9. Whitney, Charles S. Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-42995-4 (Unabridged republication of Bridges : a study in their art, science, and evolution. 1929.) External links Bridge at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Digital Bridge: Bridges of the Nineteenth Century, a collection of digitized books at Lehigh University Structurae – International Database and Gallery of Engineerings Structures with over 10000 Bridges. U.S. Federal Highway Administration Bridge Technology The Museum of Japanese Timber Bridges Archived June 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Fukuoka University "bridge-info.org": site for bridges vte Bridge-related articles Structural types     ArchBeamBox girderBridge–tunnelBurr TrussCable-stayedCanopyCantileverCantilever spar cable-stayedCoveredCribDouble-beam drawbridgeExtradosedJetLogMoonMoveable BasculeDrawbridgeFoldingRetractableRollingRolling basculeSubmersibleSwingTableTiltTransporterVertical-liftMulti-wayNavigable aqueductPilePontoon VlotbrugSuspension typesTimberThrough archTrestleTrussTubularViaductVisual index to various types Lists of bridges by type     List of bridges bascule bridgescantilever bridgesmedieval stone bridges in Germanymulti-level bridgesroad–rail bridgestoll bridgesvertical-lift bridgesList of bridge–tunnelsList of lists of covered bridges Lists of bridges by size     By lengthSuspension bridgesCable-stayed bridgesCantilever bridgesContinuous truss bridgesArch bridgesMasonry arch bridgesHighestTallest Additional lists     Bridge failuresBridge to nowhere Related     Bridges in art  Category vte Infrastructure BridgeCanalCausewayDamDrainageFootbridgeInterchangeLeveeOverpassPipelineRoadSkywayStorm drainTunnel See also: ArchitectureArenaCivil engineeringConstructionPlaygroundPublicStadiumTheatreUrban park Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata National     SpainFranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Other     Historical Dictionary of SwitzerlandNARA Categories: BridgesInfrastructureStructural engineering
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