Super Man Silbermünze Justice League of America Marvel Walt Disney Heroes Legende
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Super Man Silbermünze Justice League of America Marvel Walt Disney Heroes Legende. Superman Justice League Coin Uncirculated Silver Plated Commemoration Heptagon Coin One Side has a Colour Picture of Superman with the words "Justice League" & "Superman" The other side has the Justice League Logo with the words "Zack Snyder's Justice League" The coin is 28mm in diameter and 2mm thick, weighs 7.7 grams The coin you will recieve would have never been taken out of air-tight acrylic coin holder Deluxe Coin Jewel Case. In Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake to Remember a True Super Hero Like all my items bidding starts at 1p with no Reserve Please check out my other similar items !
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Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 32,000 Satisfied Customers Most of My Auctions Start at a Penny and I always combine postage so please check out my other items ! All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. I Specialise in Unique Fun Items So For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain! ### PLEASE DO NOT CLICK HERE ### Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! If You Have any Questions Please Message me thru ebay and I will reply ASAP All Items Dispatched within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.
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He's the last of a holocaust. He grew up in the dirt. Finding out slowly how different he was. A stranger discovering every day how strange he was. He has the power to tear the world apart. And he could. With a pinkie. It's not his world. We're not his people. We should be ants to him. Imagine that. Always being on the outside. The pain that would come from always being on the outside. And yet, he took that pain and became the symbol of hope. Quote2 — Batman src Superman (real name Clark Kent, born Kal-El) is one of the last children of Krypton, sent as the dying planet's last hope to Earth, where he grew to become its kind, noble protector. Using his flight, enhanced strength, heat vision, and various other powers, he protects the planet and the universe from powerful threats, all while inspiring hope into others. He is also a founding member of the Justice League, and the father of Jon Kent, the second Superman. Superman (franchise) Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superman" franchise – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Superman Actors who have portrayed Superman: (top) Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, John Haymes Newton, Gerard Christopher (bottom) Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, and Tyler Hoechlin Created by Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Original work Action Comics #1 Owner DC Comics The Jerry Siegel Family (2013-present)[1] Years 1938–present Films and television Film(s) Superman (1948) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) Superman III (1983) Supergirl (1984) Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Television series Adventures of Superman (1952–1958) Superboy (1988–1992) Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1997) Smallville (2001–2011) Supergirl (2016–2021) Krypton (2018–2019) Superman & Lois (2021–present) Animated series Superman (1941–1943) The New Adventures of Superman (1966–1970) Superman (1988) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) Krypto the Superdog (2005–2006) My Adventures with Superman (2023) Games Video game(s) Superman (1979) Superman (1988) Superman: The New Superman Aventures [sic] (1999) Superman: Shadow of Apokolips (2001) Superman: The Man of Steel (2002) Superman Returns (2006) Audio Radio program(s) The Adventures of Superman (1940) DC Comics Super Heroes – Attack of the Elementals (1995) Original music It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman (1966) Miscellaneous Theme park attraction(s) Superman: Escape from Krypton Superman: Ultimate Flight (Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Great Adventure, and Six Flags Great America) Superman: Ultimate Flight (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom) Superman – Ride of Steel Superman: Krypton Coaster Superman El Último Escape Superman la Atracción de Acero Superman Escape Superman: Tower of Power The American comic book character Superman, created in 1938, has appeared in many types of media since the 1940s. Superman has appeared in radio, television, movies, and video games each on multiple occasions, and his name, symbol, and image have appeared on products and merchandise. Portrayals Among the actors who have played Superman / Superboy (and/or his alter ego, Clark Kent) are: Portrayed by Unidentified actor (1940) 1939 New York World's Fair Mayo Kaan (circa 1940) Fleischer Studios model for the original Superman short Karol Krauser (1941) Fleischer Studios promotional model for the Superman shorts Kirk Alyn (1948–1950) Superman Atom Man vs. Superman George Reeves (1951–1958, 2023) Superman and the Mole Men Adventures of Superman Stamp Day for Superman The Flash (cameo, archive footage) Johnny Rockwell (1961) The Adventures of Superboy Bob Holiday (1966–1968) It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman (Broadway musical) David Wilson (1975) It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman (TV special) Christopher Reeve (1978–1987, 2023) Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV: The Quest For Peace The Flash (cameo, archive footage) John Haymes Newton (1988–1989) Superboy Gerard Christopher (1989–1992) Superboy Ron Ely (1991) Superboy Dean Cain (1993–1997) Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Tom Welling (2001–2011, 2019) Smallville Crisis on Infinite Earths Brandon Routh (2006, 2019/2020) Superman Returns Crisis on Infinite Earths Matt Bomer (2009) Toyota Prius (commercial) Henry Cavill (2013–2023) Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League Black Adam (cameo) The Flash (cameo)[a] Tyler Hoechlin (2016–present) Supergirl Elseworlds Crisis on Infinite Earths Superman & Lois Nicolas Cage (2023) The Flash (cameo) Voice only Bud Collyer (1940–49, 1966–69) Superman (1940s cartoons) The Adventures of Superman The New Adventures of Superman Allen Swift (1965) Soaky commercial[2] Bob Hastings (1966–1969) The New Adventures of Superman (in The Adventures of Superboy segments) Lennie Weinrib (1970, 1972) Sesame Street The Brady Kids Gary Owens (1971) Kenner Talking Show Projector record[3] Danny Dark (1973–1986) Super Friends (1973) The All-New Super Friends Hour Challenge of the Superfriends The World's Greatest Super Friends Super Friends (1980) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians Steve Hudson (1980) Never Say Yes to a Cigarette anti-smoking commercials Beau Weaver (1988–1989) Superman Jonathan Winters (1992) Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation Eric Goldberg (1996) Superior Duck Tim Daly (1996–2000, 2002, 2006, 2009–12) Superman: The Animated Series The Batman/Superman Movie Superman: Shadow of Apokolips Superman: Brainiac Attacks Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Justice League: Doom Christopher McDonald (2000) Batman Beyond George Newbern (2001–08, 2010, 2012–13, 2017–19, 2022) Justice League Static Shock Justice League Unlimited The Batman Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam Superman vs. The Elite Injustice: Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Justice League vs. the Fatal Five DC Universe Online (starting from 2016) MultiVersus Jeff Kramer (2002) Superman: The Man of Steel (video game) Michael Daingerfield (2005) Krypto the Superdog Crispin Freeman (2006) Justice League Heroes Yuri Lowenthal (2006–2008) Legion of Super Heroes Brandon Routh (2006) Superman Returns Adam Baldwin (2007, 2011) Superman: Doomsday DC Universe Online Kyle MacLachlan (2008) Justice League: The New Frontier Christopher Corey Smith (2008) Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Joseph May (2009) Batman: Black and White David Lodge (2009) Superman: Red Son Mark Harmon (2010) Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Matthew Mercer (2010) DC Super Friends Nolan North (2010–present) Young Justice Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman: Rage of Atlantis Lego DC: Shazam!: Magic and Monsters Batman: Death in the Family Justice League: Cosmic Chaos David Kaye (2010) DC Super Friends: The Joker's Playhouse James Denton (2011) All-Star Superman Roger Rose (2011) Batman: The Brave and the Bold Breckin Meyer (2012–2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship Blair Underwood (2012) Superman of Tokyo Jeff Bennett (2012) Superman of Tokyo Keith Ferguson (2012) Super Best Friends Forever Travis Willingham (2012, 2014–2015, 2018, 2022, 2023) Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Lego Dimensions Lego DC Super-Villains Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Part Two[4] Mark Valley (2013) Batman: The Dark Knight Returns Matt Bomer (2013) Superman: Unbound Sam Daly (2013) Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Channing Tatum (2014–2019) The Lego Movie The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part Peter Jessop (2014) JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Alan Tudyk (2014) Justice League: War Jerry O'Connell (2015–2020) Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark The Death of Superman Reign of the Supermen Batman: Hush Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Benjamin Bratt (2015) Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League: Gods and Monsters Jason J. Lewis (2016–2018) Justice League Action Kenichi Suzumura (2017) DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon Nicolas Cage (2018) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies Max Mittelman (2019) DC Super Hero Girls Jason Isaacs (2020) Superman: Red Son Darren Criss (2020-present) Superman: Man of Tomorrow Justice Society: World War II Legion of Super-Heroes Justice League: Warworld Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One Justin Hartley (2021) Injustice John Krasinski (2022) DC League of Super-Pets Chandler Riggs (2023) Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Part One Jack Quaid (2023) My Adventures with Superman Radio and audio 1940s: The Adventures of Superman – radio series starring Bud Collyer and Joan Alexander 1966: The Adventures of Superman – vinyl LP featuring Bob Holiday as Superman 1970s–1980s: various Superman-related vinyl albums from Peter Pan Records 1993: Superman Lives! – BBC Radio Light Entertainment, BBC Radio 5; Superman is voiced by Stuart Milligan 1995: DC Comics Super Heroes – Attack of the Elementals – audio drama featuring the Justice League; Superman is voiced by David Earl Waterman 2008: The Never-Ending Battle – Graphic Audio; Superman voiced by James Konicek[citation needed] Film Main article: Superman in film Animated film 1941–1943: Fleischer Studios/Famous Studios' Superman theatrical cartoon – series of 17 shorts initially starring Bud Collyer. 1945: She-Sick Sailors (cameo) – as comic book. Olive Oyl's seen reading the Superman comics. The rest of this Popeye short is then a parody of Superman. 1992: Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation – direct-to-video, featuring Jonathan Winters as Superman. 1999: The Iron Giant (cameo) – as comic book. 2006: Superman: Brainiac Attacks – direct-to-video film utilizing character designs from Superman: The Animated Series; starring Tim Daly. 2007: Superman: Doomsday – direct-to-video film featuring Adam Baldwin as Superman. 2008: Justice League: The New Frontier – direct-to-video film featuring Kyle MacLachlan as Superman. 2009: Superman/Batman: Public Enemies – direct-to-video film with Tim Daly reprising his role from various DC media. 2010: Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths – direct-to-video film, Superman is voiced by Mark Harmon. 2010: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse – direct-to-video film, Tim Daly reprises his role as Superman once again. 2010: Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam – direct-to-video short featuring George Newbern as Superman. 2011: All-Star Superman – direct-to-video film featuring James Denton as Superman. 2012: Justice League: Doom – direct-to-video film featuring Tim Daly as Superman. 2012: Superman vs. The Elite – direct-to-video film featuring George Newbern as Superman. 2013: Batman: The Dark Knight Returns – direct-to-video two-part adaption of the graphic novel featuring Mark Valley as Superman only in the second part. 2013: Superman: Unbound – direct-to-video film featuring Matt Bomer as Superman. 2013: Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite – direct-to-video film featuring Travis Willingham as Superman. 2013: Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox – direct-to-video film featuring Tim Daly's son, Sam Daly, as Superman. 2013: Superman 75th Anniversary – animated short by Zack Snyder and Bruce Timm created as a celebration of 75 years of the character, later reused for the character's 80th anniversary. 2014: The Lego Movie – Animated film featuring Channing Tatum as Superman. 2014: JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time – direct-to-video film featuring Peter Jessop as Superman. 2014: Justice League: War – direct-to-video film featuring Alan Tudyk as Superman. 2014: Lego Batman: Be-Leaguered – TV special featuring Nolan North as Superman. 2015: Justice League: Throne of Atlantis – direct-to-video film featuring Jerry O'Connell as Superman. 2015: Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League – direct-to-video film featuring Nolan North as Superman. 2015: Justice League: Gods and Monsters – direct-to-video film featuring a reimagined version of Superman voiced by Benjamin Bratt. 2015: Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom – direct-to-video film with Nolan North reprising his role as Superman. 2016: Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Cosmic Clash – direct-to-video film with Nolan North reprising his role. 2016: Justice League vs. Teen Titans – direct-to-video film with Jerry O'Connell reprising his role.[5] 2017: Justice League Dark – direct-to-video film with Jerry O'Connell reprising his role.[6][7] 2017: The Lego Batman Movie – animated film featuring Superman with Channing Tatum reprising his role. 2017: DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon – animated film featuring Kenichi Suzumura as the voice of Superman.[8] 2018: The Death of Superman – direct-to-video film featuring Jerry O'Connell as Superman. 2018: Teen Titans Go! To the Movies – animated film featuring Nicolas Cage as the voice of Superman. 2019: Reign of the Supermen – direct-to-video film featuring Jerry O'Connell as Superman. 2019: The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part – animated film featuring Superman with Channing Tatum reprising his role. 2019: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five – animated film featuring George Newbern as Superman. 2019: Batman: Hush – direct-to-video film featuring Jerry O'Connell as Superman. 2020: Superman: Red Son – direct-to-video film featuring Jason Isaacs as Superman. 2020: Justice League Dark: Apokolips War – direct-to-video film featuring Jerry O'Connell as Superman. 2020: Superman: Man of Tomorrow – animated film featuring Darren Criss as the voice of Superman. 2020: Batman: Death in the Family – direct-to-video interactive film featuring Superman with Nolan North reprising his role. 2021: Justice Society: World War II – direct-to-video film featuring Superman with Darren Criss reprising his role. 2021: Space Jam: A New Legacy – non-speaking animated appearance. 2021: Injustice – direct-to-video film featuring Justin Hartley as Superman. 2022: DC League of Super-Pets – animated film featuring John Krasinski as the voice of Superman. 2022: Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons – direct-to-video film featuring Superman with Travis Willingham reprising his role. 2023: Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! – direct-to-video crossover film, where Superman is again voiced by Nolan North.[9] Additionally, the Legion of Super Heroes (2006) incarnation of the character has a non-speaking cameo appearance.[10] 2024: Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One[11] Live-action film 1948: Superman – a 15-chapter serial starring Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill. 1950: Atom Man vs. Superman – a 15-chapter serial starring Alyn, Neill, and Lyle Talbot. 1951: Superman and the Mole Men – feature film, starring George Reeves and Phyllis Coates. 1954: Stamp Day for Superman – short film featuring George Reeves and Noel Neill promoting Stamp Day for the U.S. Treasury. 1978: Superman – directed by Richard Donner and starring Christopher Reeve, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Margot Kidder, Ned Beatty, and Valerie Perrine. 1979: The Return of Superman (also known as "Turkish Superman") is an adaptation of Superman from Turkey.[12] 1980: Superman II – directed by Richard Lester and starring Christopher Reeve, Gene Hackman, Margot Kidder, and Terence Stamp. 1983: Superman III – directed by Richard Lester and starring Christopher Reeve, Richard Pryor, Annette O'Toole, and Robert Vaughn. 1984: Supergirl – spin-off directed by Jeannot Szwarc and starring Helen Slater, Faye Dunaway, and Marc McClure (reprising his role of Jimmy Olsen from the Reeve features). Superman is seen on a poster. 1987: Superman IV: The Quest for Peace – directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Christopher Reeve, Gene Hackman, Margot Kidder, Jon Cryer, and Mariel Hemingway. 2006: Superman Returns – directed by Bryan Singer and starring Brandon Routh, Kate Bosworth, Kevin Spacey, and James Marsden. 2006: Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut – New edit of Superman II, featuring around 80% new footage originally shot by director Richard Donner, including material featuring Marlon Brando. 2013: Man of Steel – directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Russell Crowe, Kevin Costner, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, and Michael Shannon. 2016: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – directed by Zack Snyder, the film is a sequel to Man of Steel featuring the first meeting between Superman (Henry Cavill) and Batman (Ben Affleck). Also starring Amy Adams, Jesse Eisenberg, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Jeremy Irons, Holly Hunter, and Gal Gadot. 2017: Justice League – directed by Zack Snyder, this film is a follow-up to Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Cavill reprised his role as Superman. Also starring Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Jason Momoa, Ezra Miller, and Ray Fisher. 2019: Shazam! – directed by David F. Sandberg, the film features Superman in a cameo at the end; he was portrayed in a brief role by stunt double Ryan Hadley.[13] 2021: Zack Snyder's Justice League – Director's cut of Justice League, directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill as Superman. 2022: Black Adam – directed by Jaume Collet-Serra, the film features Superman in a cameo at the end; Henry Cavill reprised his role as Superman for the last time.[14] 2023: The Flash – The DC Extended Universe version of Superman appears in The Flash, where he can be seen attempting to contain the spread of an active volcano in a news report segment which was played on a television inside a cafe during the film's opening sequence. He also later appeared alongside the other members of the Justice League during the time travel Chronobowl sequence. 2025: Superman: Legacy – directed by James Gunn, the film features David Corenswet in the lead role as Superman Canceled Superman live-action films In 2017, Jordan Vogt-Roberts pitched a Red Son adaptation to Warner Brothers, as an "offshoot" of the DC Extended Universe with different actors for Superman and Batman, but "was told no". Mark Millar responded by saying that two friends of his had been approached by WB to direct a live-action Red Son.[15] An animated film ultimately came out in 2020 as part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies. Television Live-action Adventures of Superman Main article: Adventures of Superman (TV series) The series premiered September 19, 1952 in black & white on the television network Syndication and ended April 28, 1958. George Reeves portrays Clark Kent / Superman with Jack Larson as Jimmy Olsen, John Hamilton as Perry White, and Robert Shayne as Inspector Henderson. Superboy Main article: Superboy (TV series) The series premiered October 8, 1988 on the television network Syndication and ended on May 17, 1992. John Haymes Newton, and later Gerard Christopher, portrays Clark Kent / Superboy with Stacy Haiduk as Lana Lang, Jim Calvert as T.J. White, Scott James Wells as Lex Luthor, Stuart Whitman and Salome Jens as Jonathan and Martha Kent. Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Main article: Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman The series premiered September 12, 1993 on ABC and ended June 14, 1997. Dean Cain stars as Clark Kent / Superman alongside Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane. Smallville Main article: Smallville The series premiered October 16, 2001 on The WB and ended May 13, 2011. Tom Welling stars as Clark Kent and depicts the early days of Superman as Clark, before becoming the Man of Steel. Supergirl Main article: Supergirl (TV series) The series premiered October 26, 2015 on The CW and ended November 9, 2021. Tyler Hoechlin guest stars as Clark Kent / Superman alongside Bitsie Tulloch as Lois Lane. They later appeared in annual Arrowverse crossovers such as Elseworlds and Crisis on Infinite Earths. Krypton Main article: Krypton (TV series) The series premiered March 21, 2018 on Syfy and ended August 14, 2019. It primarily focuses on Superman's grandfather. Superman & Lois Main article: Superman & Lois The series premiered February 23, 2021 on The CW. Clark Kent / Superman and Lois Lane are the main characters in television series set in the Arrowverse, with Hoechlin and Tulloch reprising their roles. Peacemaker Main article: Peacemaker (TV series) Superman made an appearance in the Peacemaker season finale episode "It's Cow or Never" portrayed by a stand-in. Untitled Superman series In July 2021, it was reported that Michael B. Jordan is developing, producing and starring as Val-Zod in a limited series for HBO Max.[16][17] Animated television 1966–1969: Superman series by Filmation – Bud Collyer as Superman and Bob Hastings as Superboy. 1966: The New Adventures of Superman 1967: The Superman-Aquaman Hour of Adventure – included three Justice League of America shorts (also featuring Collyer as Superman) 1968–1969: The Batman-Superman Hour 1970: Lennie Weinrib voices Superman in a Sesame Street sketch for a lecture of words beginning with "S" which happens to be the character's favorite letter of the alphabet. 1972: Clark Kent / Superman and Lois Lane both appear in The Brady Kids episode "Cindy's Super Friend". 1973–1985: Super Friends series produced by Hanna-Barbera; Danny Dark as Superman. 1973: Super Friends 1977: The All-New Super Friends Hour 1978: Challenge of the Superfriends 1979: The World's Greatest Super Friends 1980–83: Super Friends 1984: Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show 1985: The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians 1988: Superman – TV series based on the "new" DC Comics Superman; produced by Ruby-Spears; starring Beau Weaver and Ginny McSwain. Animated by Toei Animation, Japan. 1996: Superman: The Animated Series – TV series, voiced by Tim Daly. 2005: Krypto the Superdog – TV series; Superman voiced by Michael Daingerfield (appears in episode one). 2006–2008: Legion of Super Heroes – featuring Yuri Lowenthal as Superman. 2007–2008: The Batman – Superman is featured in the two-part season five premiere, "The Batman/Superman Story" and the two-part series finale, "Lost Heroes"; George Newbern reprises the role. 2010–2022: Young Justice – features Nolan North as Superman. 2012: Mad – when their fellow heroes feel under-appreciated, they appeal to Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman about being called "Super Friends". 2012–2015: Robot Chicken – specials, featuring Breckin Meyer as Superman. 2012: Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2014: Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise 2015: Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship 2016–2018: Justice League Action – series featuring a rotating cast of Justice League members including Superman played by Jason J. Lewis. 2019–2021: DC Super Hero Girls – featuring Max Mittelman as Superman. 2019: Harley Quinn – featuring James Wolk as Superman. DC Animated Universe Superman appears in various series set in the DC Animated Universe: Superman first appears in his eponymous series, voiced by Tim Daly as an adult, Jason Marsden as a teenager, and Jesse Batten as an infant. His reputation becomes jeopardized in the two-part finale "Legacy", where he attacks Earth under Darkseid's mind control, losing the trust of many, including Professor Hamilton who begins working against him from then on by joining Project Cadmus. Superman next appears in the Batman Beyond two-parter "The Call", voiced by Christopher McDonald. He is first shown disguised as a bystander that is taken hostage by Inque, but he quickly reveals himself and takes her out. He then shows up at the Batcave to recruit Terry McGinnis, Bruce's successor, into the Justice League, apparently to help him find a traitor within the League. Bruce and Terry both discover the traitor to be Superman himself, and Bruce gives Terry a piece of kryptonite to stop him, having kept it in his possession ever since the events of "Legacy". However, it is then discovered that Superman had been under the control of a starfish-like alien (Starro), whom he had previously taken from the Preserver's captivity alongside many other endling aliens as depicted in the Superman: The Animated Series two-part episode "The Main Man". Terry frees Superman, and the two help the rest of the league send Starro back to its homeworld. He then offers Terry membership in the League only for him to turn it down. Superman next appears in Justice League. Due to being under contract to star in The Fugitive, Tim Daly was replaced by George Newbern, who would go on to voice the character in Justice League Unlimited and Static Shock. In the series, Superman, having regained some of the trust he lost after the events of "Legacy", forms a superhero team to protect the Earth from threats too big for one hero to handle. Superman is portrayed as physically older and somewhat weaker than his previous appearances during the first season of the show; these changes are reverted during the second season. Superman guest stars in the Static Shock episode "Toys in the Hood", where he visits Dakota and helps Static battle against Toyman, whom he had been tracking down. In this series, Superman is given full eyes with blue irises, compared to his other appearances within the DCAU. In Justice League Unlimited, Superman struggles with his fear of becoming a threat to humanity, but ultimately prevails and reestablishes the Justice League as the world's premier superhero team. My Adventures with Superman Main article: My Adventures with Superman Superman appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Jack Quaid, with Kari Wahlgren voicing him as a child.[18] The series follows him alongside a fearless, whip smart Lois Lane who are navigating the small tasks of both becoming adults and trying to save the world.[19][20] The series premiered on July 6, 2023 on Adult Swim, with an encore run following on its Toonami programming block.[21][22][23] Additionally, the versions of Superman from the Fleischer cartoons, DC Animated Universe, and Justice Lords universe make non-speaking cameo appearances in the episode "Kiss Kiss Fall in Portal". Canceled Superman animated series In June 2006, during an interview about Superman: Brainiac Attacks, writer Duane Capizzi mentioned a Superman series set in the same universe of The Batman, a possibility supported by Superman's revealed existence during the show's fifth season.[24] Despite this, the expansion was never realized, and Capizzi never again mentioned the spin-off. At one point, an untitled Superman animated project was in conceptual stage, with designs by James Tucker.[25] There were plans to make an animated series featuring Superman and Batman. It would have been an origin story.[26] Animator Genndy Tartakovsky was developing a Superman short for DC Nation back in 2013, but the block's cancellation in the following year resulted in this animated project getting cut. Early design work on the short was completed.[25] In May 2018, Vinton Heuck and Sean Galloway pitched a Superman Family animated series to Warner Bros. Animation but the pitch was rejected in favor of the Harley Quinn animated series. The characters would have included Kong Kenan, Jon Kent, Damian Wayne, Mr. Mzyzptlk and Natasha Irons/Steel, among others.[25][27] Video games Main article: List of Superman video games 1978: Superman by Atari for the Atari 2600 1984: Superman III for the Atari 8-bit family of computers (unreleased) 1985: Superman: The Game by First Star Software for the Commodore 64 1987: Superman by Kemco for the Nintendo Entertainment System 1988: Superman: Man of Steel by Tynesoft for the Commodore 64 1988: Superman by Taito; Arcade game 1992: Superman: The Man of Steel by Virgin Interactive for the Master System 1992: Superman by Sunsoft for the Genesis 1994/1995: The Death and Return of Superman by Sunsoft for the Super NES and Genesis 1995: Justice League Task Force by Acclaim for the Super NES and Genesis 1998: Superman by Titus for the Game Boy 1999: Superman by Titus for the Nintendo 64 1999: The Multipath Adventures of Superman: Menace of Metallo by Brilliant Digital for PC (Windows 95/98) 2002: Justice League: Injustice for All by Midway for the Game Boy Advance; Superman is a playable character 2002: Superman: The Man of Steel by Infogrames/Atari for the Xbox 2002/2003: Superman: Shadow of Apokolips by Infogrames/Atari for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube 2003: Superman: Countdown to Apokolips by Infogrames/Atari for the Game Boy Advance 2003: Justice League: Chronicles by Midway for the Game Boy Advance; Superman is a playable character 2005: Justice League TV Games unit by Jakks Pacific; Superman is playable in some games, non–playable in others 2006: Superman: The Greatest Hero by VTech for the V.Smile system 2006: Superman TV Games unit by Jakks Pacific (five different games) 2006: Justice League Heroes by Eidos for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable; Superman is a playable character, and is voiced by Crispin Freeman 2006: Superman Returns by Electronic Arts for the PlayStation 2, Xbox & Xbox 360 featuring voices from the cast of the film 2006: Superman Returns by Electronic Arts for the Nintendo DS 2006: Superman Returns: Fortress of Solitude by Electronic Arts for the Game Boy Advance 2008: Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe by Midway for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 2011: DC Universe Online by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows 2012: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 2013: Injustice: Gods Among Us by NetherRealm Studios for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PlayStation Vita, and PlayStation 4 2013/2014: Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure by 5th Cell for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS 2014: The Lego Movie Videogame by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 2014: Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 2015: Lego Dimensions by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Wii U, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 2017: Injustice 2 by NetherRealm Studios for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One 2018: DC Unchained by FourThirtyThree for Android 2018: Lego DC Super-Villains by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and Microsoft Windows. 2022: MultiVersus by Player First Games for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One; Superman is a playable character, and is reprised by George Newbern from various DC media. 2023: Justice League: Cosmic Chaos by Outright Games for the Microsoft Windows, Playstation 4, Playstation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S and Nintendo Switch; Superman is a playable character, and is reprised by Nolan North from various DC media. Theatre and live performances 1940: New York World's Fair – Broadway actor Ray Middleton played the Man of Steel in his first public appearance on July 3 for "Superman Day"[28] 1966: "It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman" – a Broadway musical; lyrics by Lee Adams, music by Charles Strouse; starring Bob Holiday and Jack Cassidy 2010: "The History of Invulnerability" – a play about the creation of Superman and the childhood of one of his creators: Joe Shuster 2012: "Holy Musical B@man!", a parody musical done by internet theatre troupe StarKid Productions featured Superman portrayed by actor Brian Holden. Literature and printed media 1942: The Adventures of Superman by George Lowther 1971: Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex by Larry Niven 1978: Last Son of Krypton by Elliot S! Maggin 1981: Miracle Monday by Elliot S! Maggin 1983: Superman III (novelization) by William Kotzwinkle 1991: "Übermensch!" by Kim Newman 1993: Superman: Doomsday & Beyond by Louise Simonson, illustrated by Dan Jurgens and José Luis García-López 1994: The Death and Life of Superman by Roger Stern 1996: Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel by C. J. Cherryh 2005: It's Superman! by Tom De Haven 2005: Superman Returns (novelization), by Marv Wolfman 2007: The Last Days of Krypton by Kevin J. Anderson 2009: Enemies & Allies by Kevin J. Anderson Newspaper Main article: Superman (comic strip) Superman was a daily newspaper comic strip which began on January 16, 1939, and a separate Sunday strip was added on November 5, 1939. These strips ran continuously until May 1966. In 1941, the McClure Syndicate had placed the strip in hundreds of newspapers. At its peak, the strip, featuring Superman, was in over 300 daily newspapers and 90 Sunday papers, with a readership of over 20 million. Attractions and theme park rides Superman Escape at Warner Bros. Movie World Superman: Escape from Krypton, roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Superman: Ultimate Flight, roller coaster at Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Great Adventure, and Six Flags Great America. Superman: Ultimate Flight, roller coaster at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Superman – Ride of Steel, roller coaster at Six Flags America. Superman: Krypton Coaster, roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas. Superman el Último Escape, roller coaster at Six Flags México. Superman la Atracción de Acero, roller coaster at Parque Warner Madrid Superman Escape, roller coaster at Warner Bros. Movie World. Superman: Tower of Power tower ride at Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags St. Louis. Art 2007: Beautiful Superman, a sculpture by David Herbert,[29][30] exhibited in 2008 in The Hague Sculpture in The Hague.[31] Parodies Superman depicted as stricken by AIDS, in an awareness campaign The cartoon Underdog in which Shoeshine Boy becomes "Underdog" with the help of an energy pill. The cartoon series Groovy Goolies featured dimwitted Frankie as "Super Ghoul". Walt Disney's Goofy did a parody of Superman with the help of "super goobers" {Peanuts} in which Goofy became "Super Goof" clothed in red underwear with "SG" and a blue cape and endowed with super ears, super sight, super strength, super voice and super flying. Goofy's crime fighting always interrupted his date with Clarabelle Cow.[32] Warner Brothers' Daffy Duck did a parody of Superman as Stupor Duck. The 2019 superhero horror film Brightburn is a dark deconstruction of the Superman character. Superman's image was used in an AIDS awareness campaign by French organization AIDES. Superman was depicted as emaciated and breathing from an oxygen tank, demonstrating that no-one is beyond the reach of the disease, and it can destroy the lives of everyone.[33] Merchandising Sunnyland Refining Co., in 1981, marketed jars of creamy and crunchy peanut butter using the familiar image of Superman. In the 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great, it was noted that this was DC's first licensing deal for a brand of food. Soon he had his own hot cocoa mix in 1983.[34] A Superman pinball machine was produced by Atari in 1979.[35] Superman is part of the DC Deckbuilding Game by Cryptozoic Entertainment. Recurring cast This article is missing information about recurring actors in the Superman franchise. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (March 2023) Many live-action actors have made appearances across multiple works in the franchise. V indicates a voice-only role. Actor Serial films (1948–1950) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) The Adventures of Superman (1952–1958) Salkind series (1978–1987) Superboy (1988–1992) Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1994–1998) DC Animated Universe (1992–2019) Smallville (2000–2010) Superman Returns (2006) Superman: Doomsday (2007) DC Extended Universe (2013–2023) Arrowverse (2012–2023) DC Super Hero Girls (2016) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Kirk Alyn Superman Sam Lane Noel Neill Lois Lane Ella Lane Alexis Gertrude Vanderworth George Reeves Superman Superman (likeness) Phyllis Coates Lois Lane Ella Lane Jack Larson Jimmy Olsen Lou Lamont Bo the bartender Marlon Brando Jor-El Jor-El Christopher Reeve Superman Dr. Virgil Swann Superman (likeness) Margot Kidder Lois Lane Bridgette Crosby Marc McClure Jimmy Olsen Dax-Ur Officer Ben Sadowsky Officer Jerry Terrence Stamp General Zod Jor-El Sarah Douglas Ursa Jinda Kol Rozz Annette O'Toole Lana Lang Martha Kent Helen Slater Supergirl Talia al GhulV Lara-El Supergirl (likeness) Eliza Danvers Martha KentV Jon Cryer Lenny Luthor Lex Luthor Gilbert Gottfried Nick Knack Mister MxyzptlkV Sherman Howard Lex Luthor Warren Eckworth SteppenwolfV PreserverV Derek PowersV Kevin Conroy BatmanV Batman (Earth-99) Mark Hamill JokerV TricksterV Trickster Adam West Jerry Retchen Gray GhostV Batman (likeness) Dean Cain Superman Dr. Curtis Knox Jeremiah Danvers Johnathan KentV Teri Hatcher Lois Lane Ella Lane Rhea Clancy Brown Lex LuthorV General Wade Eiling Michael Ironside DarkseidV Sam Lane Lewis Snart Michael Rosenbaum Lex Luthor Carl Lumbly J'onn J'onzzV M'yrnn J'onzz Phil Lamarr Jon StewartV Malefic J'onzz JK Simmons General Wade EilingV Commissioner Gordon Tom Welling Clark Kent Clark Kent Erica Durance Lois Lane Lois Lane Alura Zor-El James Marsters Brainiac Lex LuthorV Laura Vandervoort Supergirl Brainiac 8 Amy Adams Jodi Melville Lois Lane Peyton List Lucy Lane Golden Glider Lynda Carter Moira Sullivan Asteria Olivia Marsdin Brandon Routh Superman Ray Palmer Superman Ezra Miller The Flash Nicolas Cage Superman SupermanV Notes The actor’s likeness was digitally recreated for a cameo appearance in The Flash using CGI. Cavill filmed additional scenes as the character for the film, but they were removed during post-production. Nobleman, Marc. ""By special arrangement with the Jerry Siegel family" explained". Noblemania. Blogger. Retrieved 15 October 2022. "Soaky Superman and Tennessee Tuxedo". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved January 5, 2021. "Cartoon Records for the Kenner Talking Show Projector". Retrieved 2021-02-23. Harvey, James (August 24, 2023). ""Justice League x RWBY, Part Two" Animated Film Hits Oct. 2023". The World's Finest. Retrieved August 25, 2023. Sands, Rich (January 18, 2016). "Roll Call: Meet the Cast of Justice League vs. Teen Titans". TVInsider.com. Retrieved January 18, 2016. Perry, Spencer (July 26, 2016). "Justice League Dark Featurette Reveals Matt Ryan Returns as Constantine!". Superhero Hype. Vejvoda, Jim (November 15, 2016). "JUSTICE LEAGUE DARK: TRAILER DEBUT FOR R-RATED DC ANIMATED MOVIE". "サイト名". dc-taka.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018. Lovell, Kevin (July 27, 2023). "'Scooby-Doo! And Krypto, Too!' Trailer, Artwork & Release Details; Arrives On Digital & DVD September 26, 2023 From Warner Bros". screen-connections.com. Retrieved July 27, 2023. wintery-star (September 6, 2022). "blaaargh – Looks like in 2021 Digital eMation was working on..." Tumblr. Retrieved July 29, 2023. Harvey, James (2023-11-22). ""Justice League: Crisis On Infinite Earths" Trilogy Teaser Trailer Released". The World's Finest. Retrieved 2023-11-25. +Brandon_Tenold. "Brandon Tenold: Turkish Superman". Channel Awesome. Marston, George (April 5, 2019). "SHAZAM! Director Talks Sequel Plans, DCEU Connections (SPOILERS)". Retrieved April 7, 2019 – via newsarama.com. Gajewski, Ryan (December 14, 2022). "Henry Cavill on Not Returning as Superman: "This News Isn't the Easiest"". The Hollywood Reporter. "Superman: Warner Bros pitching to directors for live action Red Son movie". Den of Geek. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Sneider, Jeff (May 19, 2021). "Exclusive: Michael B. Jordan Developing His Own Black Superman Project for HBO Max". Collider. Retrieved July 23, 2021. @Collider (July 23, 2021). "Update: Sources have since reached out to clarify that @MichaelB4Jordan's Black Superman project about Val-Zod is,…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Wahlgren, Kari (July 6, 2023). "Sneak peek! 🦸🏻♂️ I play Ma Kent and Young Clark in the new "My Adventures with Superman" series. Looking forward to the premiere!". www.instagram.com. Retrieved July 7, 2023. "MY ADVENTURES WITH SUPERMAN: Family-Friendly Animated Series Flies To HBO Max And Cartoon Network". May 20, 2021. Hibberd, James (May 19, 2021). "Batman Animated Series from J.J. Abrams and Matt Reeves Coming to HBO Max". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 19, 2021. "Official Trailer Released for Genndy Tartakovsky's Newest Animated Series, "Unicorn: Warriors Eternal"". Warner Bros. Discovery. 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-03-29. Mitovich, Matt Webb (April 6, 2023). "My Adventures With Superman Eyes Summer Release Date — Watch Teaser Trailer for Animated Series". TVLine. Retrieved April 6, 2023. Mitovich, Matt Webb (June 5, 2023). "My Adventures With Superman Gets Adult Swim and Max Release Dates". TVLine. Retrieved June 5, 2023. "The World's Finest – Superman: The Animated Series". dcanimated.com. Retrieved 2018-12-15. "The DC Animation Resource". The World's Finest. "EXCLUSIVE – SUPERMAN/BATMAN: Series That Could Have Been". Voices From Krypton. July 11, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2018. "Creator Talks About His Never-Made "Superman Family" Animated Series". Superman Homepage. April 23, 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. "Superman Day! – 1940". Superman Through the Ages. Retrieved 2010-09-13. "David Herbert:Biography", Saatchi Gallery. Retrieved 27 March 2010. Velasco, David. "Miami vices", Artforum, 8 December 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2010. "The Hague Sculpture"[permanent dead link], denhaagsculptuur.com, 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010. Walt Disney Comics Digest #23, July 1970, "The Printing Park" DiPaolo, Marc (2011). War, Politics and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda In Comics and Film. McFarland & Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7864-8579-6. Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Superman Peanut Butter Brand Licensing Pioneered" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 52 (1985). DC Comics. "The Internet Pinball Machine Database". Ipdb.org. Retrieved 2011-03-12. References "O Superman: Music & comics" (by Alan Moore, The Daredevils #5, 1983) Portals: flag United States icon Television Film icon Animation icon Cartoon icon Comics icon Toys Video games icon Speculative fiction 1950s 1960s icon 1980s icon 1990s vte Superman franchise media Comic strips Superman (1939–1966)The World's Greatest Superheroes (1978–1985)Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939-1966 (2013-present) - Reprint book collection Radio The Adventures of Superman (US, 1940–1951)The Adventures of Superman (UK, 1988) Live-action films Serials SupermanAtom Man vs. Superman 1951 film series Superman and the Mole MenStamp Day for Superman (short film) 1978 film series SupermanSuperman II The Richard Donner CutSuperman IIISupergirlSuperman IV: The Quest for PeaceSuperman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of SteelBatman v Superman: Dawn of JusticeJustice League Zack Snyder's Justice LeagueShazam!Black AdamThe Flash Animated films Superman animated shorts (1941–1943)Brainiac AttacksDoomsdayAll-Star SupermanUnboundSuperman/Batman: Public EnemiesSuperman/Batman: ApocalypseSuperman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adamvs. The EliteThe Death of SupermanReign of the SupermenRed SonMan of TomorrowBattle of the Super Sons Documentary films Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of SupermanThe Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? Television Live-action Adventures of SupermanThe Adventures of Superboy (pilot)SuperboyLois & ClarkSmallvilleSupergirlKryptonSuperman & Lois Animation The New Adventures of SupermanThe Adventures of SuperboySupermanThe Animated SeriesKrypto the SuperdogLegion of Super HeroesMy Adventures with Superman Novels The Adventures of Superman (1942)Last Son of KryptonMiracle MondayDoomsday & BeyondLois & Clark: A Superman NovelIt's Superman!ReturnsEnemies & Allies Video games Superman (1979)Superman: The Game (1985)Superman (1987)Superman (1988)The Man of Steel (1989)Superman (1992)The Death and Return of SupermanThe New Superman AdventuresShadow of ApokolipsThe Man of Steel (2002)Countdown to ApokolipsReturnsMultiVersus Music "You've Got Possibilities"Superman III (soundtrack)Superman Returns (soundtrack)"Save Me" (Remy Zero song)Man of Steel (soundtrack)Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack)Metropolis Symphony Other media It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman (musical)The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman (advertisement) Related characters Lois Lane in other mediaLex Luthor in other mediaSupergirl in other media Related Christopher and Dana Reeve FoundationHollywoodland"Lucy and Superman" (I Love Lucy episode, 1957)"Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex"National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc.Sunman (1992 video game)Superman curseSuperman ice cream"Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit""The Reign of the Superman"Superman and Lois LaneSuperman '78 vte Warner Bros. Discovery franchises and series Warner Bros. Entertainment Warner Bros. Pictures Ace VenturaCats & DogsCharlie and the Chocolate FactoryA Cinderella StoryClash of the TitansDeep Blue SeaDirty HarryFree WillyThe HangoverWizarding World Harry PotterFantastic BeastsLethal WeaponThe Lost BoysThe MatrixMonsterVerseNational Lampoon's VacationOcean'sPolice AcademyThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Warner Bros. Animation, Warner Bros. Pictures Animation and Hanna-Barbera DC Animated UniverseJonny QuestThe Lego MovieLooney Tunes Merrie MelodiesScooby-DooThunderCatsTom and JerryWacky Races New Line Cinema Austin PowersThe Conjuring UniverseFinal DestinationFridayFriday the 13thMiddle-earth The HobbitThe Lord of the RingsMortal KombatA Nightmare on Elm StreetRush Hour DC Studios BatmanDC Extended Universe AquamanFlashDC UniverseGreen LanternJokerJustice LeagueSupermanWonder Woman HBO & Warner Bros. Discovery Networks Home Box Office, Inc. Sex and the CityThe SopranosWestworld Cartoon Network / Adult Swim Adventure TimeBen 10The Powerpuff GirlsRick and Morty The Vindicators Warner Bros. Games DC ComicsLegoMiddle-earthRampageScribblenauts NetherRealm Studios InjusticeMortal Kombat Portkey Games Harry Potter Rocksteady Studios Batman: Arkham Monolith Productions F.E.A.R. Category Related topics vte Superman Jerry SiegelJoe ShusterOther writers and artists Characters SupermanLois LaneLex LuthorJimmy OlsenPerry WhiteSupergirlJonathan and Martha KentJon KentList of Superman supporting charactersList of Superman enemies Locations Fortress of SolitudeKandorKryptonMetropolis Big Belly BurgerDaily PlanetLexCorpSuicide SlumPhantom ZoneSmallville History and themes Character and castDynastySupermen of AmericaKryptonianOriginPublication history Action Comics #1Action Comics #775Action Comics #1000Superman and Lois LaneSymbolSuperboy (Kal-El) Ongoing publications Action ComicsPower GirlBatman/Superman: World's FinestSuperman In other media In film Related Alternative versions of SupermanMetropolis, IllinoisSuperman (gene)Joanne Siegel Category vte 1940s Superman animated shorts Fleischer Studios era Superman (a.k.a. The Mad Scientist, 1941)The Mechanical Monsters (1941)Billion Dollar Limited (1942)The Arctic Giant (1942)The Bulleteers (1942)The Magnetic Telescope (1942)Electric Earthquake (1942)Volcano (1942)Terror on the Midway (1942) Famous Studios era Japoteurs (1942)Showdown (1942)Eleventh Hour (1942)Destruction, Inc. (1942)The Mummy Strikes (1943)Jungle Drums (1943)The Underground World (1943)Secret Agent (1943) See also: Superman in other media vte Super Friends Television series Super Friends (1973) episodesThe All-New Super Friends Hour (1977)Challenge of the Superfriends (1978)The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979)SuperFriends (1980)Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984)The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Original characters Members Apache ChiefBlack VulcanEl DoradoGleekSamuraiTasmanian Devil (DC Comics)Wendy, Marvin and Wonder DogWonder TwinsVillains Legion of DoomSupporting characters Related Super Powers CollectionSuper Powers minicomicsThe Superman/Batman AdventuresHarvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Category vte Superman in amusement parks Justice League: Alien Invasion 3DJustice League: Battle for MetropolisLex Luthor: Drop of DoomSuperman El Último EscapeSuperman EscapeSuperman – Ride of SteelSuperman: Escape from KryptonSuperman: Krypton Coaster (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)Superman: Krypton Coaster (Six Flags Mexico)Superman: La Atracción de AceroSuperman The RideSuperman: Tower of PowerSuperman: Ultimate EscapeSuperman: Ultimate FlightSuperman: Ultimate Flight (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom) Categories: Mass media franchises introduced in 1938Superman in other media Justice League (film) Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools This is a good article. Click here for more information. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the 2017 theatrical version of Justice League. For the 2021 director's cut, see Zack Snyder's Justice League. For the 1997 television film, see Justice League of America (film). Justice League Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder[a] Screenplay by Chris Terrio Joss Whedon Story by Chris Terrio Zack Snyder Based on Characters from DC Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Jon Berg Geoff Johns Starring Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Amy Adams Gal Gadot Ezra Miller Jason Momoa Ray Fisher Jeremy Irons Diane Lane Connie Nielsen J. K. Simmons Cinematography Fabian Wagner Edited by David Brenner Richard Pearson Martin Walsh Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures[3] DC Films[4] RatPac-Dune Entertainment[b][3] Atlas Entertainment[3] Cruel and Unusual Films[3] Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release dates November 13, 2017 (Dolby Theatre) November 17, 2017 (United States) Running time 120 minutes[6] Country United States[3] Language English Budget $300 million[7] Box office $661.3 million[8] Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name. Produced by Warner Bros. Pictures, DC Films, RatPac-Dune Entertainment,[b] Atlas Entertainment, and Cruel and Unusual Films and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, it is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). Directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, the film features an ensemble cast including Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, Ray Fisher, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons. In the film, following the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after the death of Superman to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons. Warner Bros. began to develop a live-action Justice League film in 2007 with George Miller set to direct, but the project was canceled due to production delays and budgetary concerns. Principal photography took place from April to October 2016. After Snyder stepped down from the film following the death of his daughter, Whedon was hired to oversee the remainder of post-production, including writing and directing additional scenes, as well as reshooting a large portion of the film, which changed many aspects of it; Snyder ultimately retained sole credit as director. With an estimated production budget of $300 million, Justice League is one of the most expensive films ever made. Justice League premiered in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on November 13, 2017, and was released in the United States four days later. The film grossed $661.3 million worldwide against an assumed break-even point of $750 million, becoming a box office bomb and losing Warner Bros. an estimated $60 million. It received mixed reviews from critics, with criticism aimed towards the plot, pacing, generic villain, direction, cinematography, and computer-generated imagery, while its humor and disjointed tone were met with polarized responses, although the action sequences and performances were praised. Whedon's major involvement during post-production also received harsh criticism especially from the cast, particularly Gadot and Fisher. A director's cut, titled Zack Snyder's Justice League, was released on HBO Max in March 2021, after fans had been advocating for Snyder's original version of the film since the film's theatrical release. Plot Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempt to take over the Earth using the combined energies of the three Mother Boxes. The attempt is foiled by a unified alliance including the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, humanity, and extraterrestrial beings.[c] The Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in different locations. Thousands of years later, humanity is still in mourning two years after the death of Superman, which triggered the Mother Boxes' reactivation and Steppenwolf's return to Earth. Steppenwolf aims to gather the boxes to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld. Steppenwolf retrieves one Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in an attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause: Wayne goes after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana locates Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry but finds Allen enthusiastic. Stone joins after his father Silas and other S.T.A.R. Labs employees are kidnapped by Steppenwolf, who is seeking the Mother Box protected by humanity. Steppenwolf attacks an Atlantean outpost to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box for the group, revealing that his father used it to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost killed him. Knowing this information, Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion but also to restore hope to humanity. Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber in the Kryptonian scout ship, along with the Mother Box, successfully resurrecting him. However, his memories have not returned, and he attacks the group. Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with her to his family home in Smallville, where his memories come back. In the turmoil, the last Mother Box is left unguarded, allowing Steppenwolf to retrieve it. Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia, where Steppenwolf's lair is located. They fight their way through the Parademons; just when all hope seems lost, Superman arrives and assists Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who is attacked by his own Parademons when they smell his fear. After the battle, Bruce and Diana set up a base of operations for the team. Diana and Arthur resume their heroic duties; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department; Victor continues to enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent and protector of Earth. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form a league of their own. Cast Further information: List of DC Extended Universe cast members and Characters of the DC Extended Universe Cast of Justice League at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con with Zack Snyder Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons. Affleck noted on how the film gave him an opportunity to reinvent Batman and portray a more classic take on the character. He described that in the film, audiences will see Batman as more heroic, and more of a leader. "Batman is by nature, [while] not necessarily anti-social, pretty private, pretty a loner," Affleck says. "And then in this movie he's thrust into the role of having to not only work with people, but bring them together and convince them to come in and try to ... somehow with Wonder Woman hold all that community effort together. That was a really interesting thing to play for me, and it also does take us to a more traditional role for Batman in the Justice League comics, and his role with the Justice League versus the sort of less typical version we saw in Batman v Superman, where he was blinded by rage and wanted to take on Superman."[10][11] Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman: A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League. He is a Kryptonian survivor and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis. In Justice League, Superman was portrayed as more optimistic and hopeful. The character was intentionally excluded from all Justice League marketing materials to emphasize his death as depicted on Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[12] Amy Adams as Lois Lane: An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent. Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman: An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents. Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash: A Central City University student who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force. Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman: Half-human and half Atlantean metahuman with superhuman strength and aquatic abilities. Momoa was cast as Aquaman in June 2014, and made a cameo appearance in Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice.[13][14] Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg: A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology. His enhancements include the abilities of flight, variable weaponry and technopathy. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[15] Fisher was cast as Cyborg in April 2014, and made a cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[16] Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant. Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother. Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta: Diana's mother and the Amazonian Queen of Themyscira. J. K. Simmons as Commissioner James Gordon: The Gotham City Police Department Commissioner, and close ally of Batman. Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid.[17] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[18] After the release of the film, Hinds was reportedly unhappy with the final cut of the film, which trimmed down the backstory and characterization of Steppenwolf.[citation needed] Amber Heard as Mera: A princess of Xebel who approaches Curry to discuss the nature of the Mother Boxes.[19] Joe Morton as Silas Stones: Victor Stone's father and head of S.T.A.R. Labs. During a scene a half-hour into the film, depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion thousands of years earlier, Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares, and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[20][21][non-primary source needed] All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with that of David Thewlis using special effects; Thewlis received the credit as Ares.[20] The scene also shows a Green Lantern, named Yalan Gur, created through motion-capture CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor.[22] Two ancient leaders of Earth appear during the scene, including King Atlan of Atlantis and King Arthur Pendragon of ancient England; portrayed by Julian Lewis Jones and Francis Magee, respectively.[23][24] Billy Crudup appears, uncredited, as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father. Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[25] Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film,[26] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar.[27] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a brief cameo as a police officer.[28] Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and are set to appear in the future installments of the franchise.[29][30] A scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Batman was filmed as an additional post-credits scene, further teasing the upcoming Green Lantern Corps, but the scene was later scrapped.[31] Other scenes that were filmed, but cut from the theatrical film, include: Ryan Zheng as Ryan Choi, setting up the character's future as The Atom;[32] a fight between Ares and Darkseid, with the villain portrayed by Ray Porter;[33] Harry Lennix reprising his role from Man of Steel and Batman v Superman as Calvin Swanwick, in a scene where it would have been revealed that his character is actually J'onn J'onzz / Martian Manhunter;[34] and scenes featuring Darkseid's servant DeSaad, with the character voiced by Peter Guinness.[35] These characters were included in Zack Snyder's Justice League. Production Main article: Production of Justice League (film) Background We're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right. —Producer Gregory Noveck, on whether Warner Bros. is going to do a Justice League film, 2008.[36] In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. Pictures had hired husband-and-wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[37] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was canceled,[38] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[39] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[40] the script by Michele and Kieran Mulroney was submitted to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[41] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[42] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[43] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[44] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[45] Shortly after filming The Dark Knight,[46] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[44] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[47] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[42] with Barrie Osbourne producing[48] on a projected $220 million budget.[49] The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki, and Scott Porter. Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[46] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[45] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[50] Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations.[51] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[52] Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[53] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[54] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[55] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[56] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[57] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[58] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled.[59] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[60] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[61] However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[62] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[63] but production was pushed back three months.[45] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[49] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[48] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[40] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[49][64] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[65] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release.[66][67] Zack Snyder, the director of Man of Steel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, and Justice League. With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[68] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster's estate for the rights to Superman, Warner Bros. announced that it planned to move ahead with the Justice League film.[69] Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[70] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[71] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[72] and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[73] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film.[74] With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[75] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[76] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script.[77] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[78] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One being released on November 17, 2017; Part Two was announced, however, a release date was never confirmed. Snyder was set to direct both films.[79] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[80] Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[81] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[82][83] Filming Principal photography began on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles; and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords[84] of Iceland.[85][86] Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[86] Ben Affleck served as executive producer.[87] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[88] The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[89] Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League,[90][non-primary source needed] and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DC Extended Universe (DCEU) films.[91] Justice League had a troubled production. During filming, it was reported that the rewrites by Geoff Johns caused issues with Chris Terrio and Warner Bros. executives. Warner Bros. was unsatisfied with how the film was shaping up under Snyder due to the negative feedback that the theatrical version of Batman v Superman received. It was reported that Warner Bros. held a footage summit for writers that include Whedon, Wonder Woman screenwriter Allan Heinberg, Seth Grahame-Smith, and Andrea Berloff. This caused numerous rewrites as Justice League was filming.[92][93][94] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[95][96][97] Post-production Joss Whedon took over the post-production of Justice League after Snyder stepped down. In May 2017, Snyder stepped down from directorial duties on Justice League to cope with his daughter Autumn's suicide, and Whedon assumed his position to oversee post-production and complete the film.[98] That July, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them, more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs,[99] which brought the budget of the film up to $300 million.[7] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible – Fallout, for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming.[100] While Fallout director Christopher McQuarrie initially gave the producers of Justice League permission to have Cavill shave the mustache in exchange for the $3 million it would cost to shut down production on Fallout and then digitally fill the mustache in, executives from Paramount Pictures rejected the idea. Justice League's VFX team was then forced to use special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post-production.[101] Whedon received a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio,[102] while Snyder received sole director's credit.[1] Producer Charles Roven said in an interview that the film was shot originally by eighty to eighty-five percent.[103] Conversely, Snyder estimates that only a fourth of his material was used in the theatrical version based on what he has been told of the theatrical cut, as he has not watched it.[2] Cinematographer Fabian Wagner estimates that only 10% of the original footage shot by him and Snyder was used in the final cut.[104] Whedon's rewrites were around 80 pages, further confirming that the theatrical cut was mostly his work.[105] Warner Bros. CEO Kevin Tsujihara mandated the film to be under two hours.[7][106][107] In consequence, the final cut runs for that exact time.[108] The company also did not opt to delay the film's release despite the fact that there had been numerous problems in post-production, so that the executives would receive their cash bonuses before the company's merger with AT&T.[109][110] In February 2018, it was reported that Snyder was fired from directorial duties from Justice League, after his cut was deemed "unwatchable" according to Collider's Matt Goldberg. "I'd heard similar things from separate sources over the last year as well, I also heard that Snyder's rough-cut of the movie was 'unwatchable' (a word that jumped out at me because it's rare you hear two separate sources use exactly the same adjective). Of course, even if that's true, there's obviously more to the story since rough cuts can be fixed up with reshoots, rewrites, etc.", Goldberg wrote.[111][112] According to DC Comics publisher, comic book artist Jim Lee, Snyder was not fired. Speaking at the Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo, Lee stated "that [Snyder] was not fired at all and that he stepped down from the production due to a family matter", as far as he knew.[113] In July 2020, Ray Fisher claimed that Whedon's on-set treatment of the film's cast and crew was "gross, abusive, unprofessional, and completely unacceptable."[114] Justice League and Batman v Superman writer Chris Terrio called the theatrical cut an act of vandalism, and attempted unsuccessfully to get his name removed from the film.[115] Music Main article: Justice League (soundtrack) In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business",[116] though he would later score X-Men: Dark Phoenix and Wonder Woman 1984. Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film,[117] but was replaced by Danny Elfman the following year in June.[118] Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman used the Batman theme music from the 1989 film Batman. The John Williams' Superman theme was used during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film[119][120] where a resurrected Superman fights the Justice League and later during the climax where Superman arrives to defeat Steppenwolf. The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL.[121] WaterTower Music released the soundtrack album digitally on November 10 the same year, with a release of the physical format on December 8.[122] Marketing Superman was intentionally left out on all early Justice League marketing materials, including trailers, clips, and posters, which actor Cavill commented as "ridiculous". Despite his character being hidden from promotional materials, Cavill still joined the rest of the cast on the film's press tour.[123][124] Clark Kent was revealed in a final trailer before the release of the film, but edited in a way that writers felt Lois Lane was dreaming about Clark.[125][126] Sponsorship and marketing partners of the film included AT&T,[127] Gillette,[128] Mercedes-Benz,[129] and TCL.[130] Release Theatrical Justice League had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on November 13, 2017,[131] and was released in the United States on November 17, 2017.[79] Home media The film was released on digital download on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray, and DVD on March 13, 2018, in various international markets.[132] The Blu-ray features two deleted scenes titled Return of Superman.[133] It is also notable for having no director commentary from either Zack Snyder or Joss Whedon.[134] As of August 20, 2021, it has made $30.4 million in DVD sales and $41.5 million in Blu-ray sales, totaling an estimated $71.9 million in domestic video sales according to The Numbers.[135] Reception Box office Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada and $432.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $661.3 million.[136] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million.[137][138] Up against an estimated break-even point of as much as $750 million,[139] Deadline Hollywood reported that the film lost the studio around $60 million.[140] Due to the film losing the studio money, the movie was deemed a "box office bomb" or "flop".[141] In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[142] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[143] However, after making $38.5 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[144] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco.[145] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[146] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 million.[147] It made $9.7 million in its fourth week and $4.3 million in its fifth, finishing a respective second and fifth at the box office.[148][149] In 2018, Forbes compared the drastic incohesive shift from Snyder's darker films Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice to the lighter Justice League (co-written by Whedon), to the similarly drastic and incohesive change in tone experienced from the older 1989 and 1992 Tim Burton's Batman films to the direct light-hearted sequels directed by Schumacher, although noting the former shift in tone was better received than the one in Justice League, affecting box office, due to going against the expectations of Snyder fans in its attempt to reach a higher demographic, while alienating its own established core audience.[150] In other territories, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[151] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France, and Brazil.[143] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico, and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film in 2017 and eventually becoming the 7th-most successful film of all time.[152] In Brazil, the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[137] Outside North America, the film's largest markets were China ($106 million), Brazil ($41 million), Mexico ($24.8 million), and United Kingdom ($24 million).[153] Critical response The performances of Gal Gadot (left) and Ezra Miller were praised.[154][155] Justice League received mixed reviews. It was praised for the action sequences and performances (particularly Gadot and Miller), but was criticized for its plot, pacing, generic villain, cinematography, and CGI.[155] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 39% of 411 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's consensus reads: "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[156] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[157] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, and those by PostTrak gave the film an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend".[144] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[158] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, which conceived the film and described it was not "messy or bombastic", and light, clean, and simple.[4] Bilge Ebiri of the Village Voice similarly gave it a positive review, and said the action scenes of the film went "start and stop and then start again, [and] then go in different directions." Ebiri also describes the film had a "few moments into the Big Climactic Face-Off," but the "rhythms actually lend the film a pleasant unpredictability."[159] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[160] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[154] Writing for The Washington Post, Alyssa Rosenberg also returned with a negative review, and described the film was a "symbol of just how entrenched superhero movies have become in the Hollywood ecosystem, it's also a potent illustration that success hasn't necessarily artistically elevated the genre." Rosenberg felt the film was nearly identical to lots of superhero films that "have come before", and featured some of "the ugliest, most pointless special effects."[161] James Berardinelli gave it 2 out of 4 stars, said that the film and DC Films "came late to the party", as Marvel Studios planned their Cinematic Universe, which they were "sometimes criticized for overthinking and overplanning," and compared to The Avengers, which has its "formula worked", and The Avengers was "a popcorn bliss [and] a superhero nirvana".[162] Writing for the Film Ireland Magazine, Ellen Murray found the characters interesting, but their setting unworthy, said that "there is something undeniably thrilling in seeing these iconic characters work together on the big screen."[163] Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins particularly disliked Justice League because the film itself seemed to contradict her film, as both she and Zack Snyder worked together to keep continuity between their films, in details like not changing Wonder Woman's costume, but Joss Whedon reshot the film to the point the characters were not being portrayed as previously shown in past films.[164] Accolades Justice League received each nomination at two Golden Trailer Awards ceremonies: Best Action Poster (2017) and Best Wildposts (Teaser Campaign) (2018).[165][166][167][168] Ezra Miller was nominated for Best Comedic Performance at the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2017.[169][170] At the 2018 Kids' Choice Awards, the film was nominated for Favorite Movie Actor (Affleck) and Favorite Movie Actress (Gadot).[171] Justice League garnered nominations for Choice Action Movie, Choice Action Movie Actor (Cavill), and Choice Action Movie Actress (Adams and Gadot) at the 2018 Teen Choice Awards.[172] Director's cut Main article: Zack Snyder's Justice League The divisive reaction towards the theatrical cut of the film, with Zack Snyder leaving directorial duties and the final cut of the film in the hands of Joss Whedon, has led to an argument comparing the situation to the one experienced by the film Superman II. Both Justice League and Superman II feature a director who was replaced, for different reasons, before completion of a film, which led to a second director coming in and making substantial changes to the tone of each film. Although the reasoning behind each director's departure differs, Richard Donner was able to complete his Superman II cut in 2006. In the belief that Snyder had shot enough material for a finished film, a campaign for a "Snyder Cut" was started to allow Snyder to receive a similar treatment to Donner. Arguments were made that Snyder's vision would be more cohesive to the previous films than the actual theatrical cut, which Snyder has refused to see. Warner Bros. initially remained silent regarding any intention of making a "Snyder Cut".[173] In March 2019, Snyder confirmed his original cut existed, and stated that it was up to Warner Bros. to release it.[174] In November, an insider claimed that Warner Bros. was unlikely to release Snyder's version of Justice League in theaters, calling it a "pipe dream".[175] In December, Snyder posted a photo in his Vero account, which showed boxes with tapes labeled "Z.S. J.L Director's cut", and with the caption "Is it real? Does it exist? Of course it does".[176] Snyder officially confirmed in May 2020 that his cut of Justice League will be released for HBO Max service in 2021.[177] The cut cost $70+ million to complete the special effects, musical score, and editing.[178][179] Some of the film's original cast, including Affleck, Fisher, and Miller (remotely), returned to help complete the project,[180] which also included limited additional filming. Jared Leto, Amy Adams, and J. K. Simmons appeared in the cut as the Joker, Lois Lane, and James Gordon respectively.[181] As a result of the new cut, the original theatrical cut is referred to by fans as the "Whedon Cut"[182] or "Josstice League",[183] referring to the film's replacement director Joss Whedon.[184] Despite being far better received than the theatrical version, Snyder stated that his cut would not be made canon to the DCEU, with Warner Bros. still considering the 2017 cut to be the official version.[185] Future A sequel was originally scheduled to be released in June 2019[79] but was subsequently delayed to accommodate the release for The Batman.[186] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven said that Zack Snyder would direct the film[187] and in October J. K. Simmons stated that the studio was working on the script of the sequel, alongside The Batman.[188] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill said that he was under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[189] In December, it was revealed that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct any future DC films, being relegated to an executive producer position instead. This came after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's mixed critical reception and disappointing financial performance.[190] By 2019, Warner Bros. had prioritized solo films over the project. In 2019, after previously declining an offer to direct the first film,[191] Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins noted she was open to directing a Justice League sequel.[192][193][194] Though Snyder's cut of Justice League has been described by DC Films executives as "a storytelling cul-de-sac" with no sequels planned,[195][196] Snyder stated that he would be willing to return to direct the sequels if the studio offered him the chance.[197] In January 2021, Ray Fisher (who had a fallout with Joss Whedon, Geoff Johns, Jon Berg and former DC Films president Walter Hamada) stated that he would only be willing to reprise his role as Cyborg in a future DCEU film if Justice League Part Two were to be made by Snyder.[198] However, shortly after the "Snyder Cut" was released, Warner Bros CEO Ann Sarnoff said in March that there were no current plans in place for Snyder to return as a director/writer for future DCEU films suggesting a direct sequel to his version of Justice League remained unlikely.[199] Later in August, DC Films producer Charles Roven stated that a Justice League sequel was still possible, though it would be several years away.[200] A sequel was once again under consideration while De Luca and Abdy were in charge of DC Films (later renamed DC Studios), before James Gunn and Peter Safran took over in 2022.[201] In October 2023, it was reported by Variety that no actors cast in Snyder's DCEU films would reprise their respective roles in the new franchise, the DC Universe (DCU), effectively ending any chances of a sequel being made.[202] Notes Snyder was the director during principal photography, but was replaced by Joss Whedon during post-production. 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D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 26, 2017). "'Justice League' To Prevail Around The World With $325M+ Start – Box Office Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Tartaglione, Nancy (November 18, 2017). "'Justice League' Rises To $70.7M Through Friday at International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. "Justice League (2017) - International Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018. McCarthy, Todd (November 14, 2017). "'Justice League:' Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Kevin Melrose (November 15, 2017). "Justice League: What Critics Are Saying". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2020. "Justice League". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. 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The Hollywood Reporter. August 12, 2018. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2021. "Justice League: The Snyder Cut Movement Explained". Screen Rant. July 8, 2018. page 1. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018. Colbert, Stephen M. (March 28, 2019). "Zack Snyder Confirms A Snyder Cut Of Justice League Exists". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Lang, Brent; Kroll, Justin (November 26, 2019). "DC Films Plots Future With Superman, Green Lantern and R-Rated Movies (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2019. "Zack Snyder Confirms Justice League Director's Cut Is Real". ScreenCrush. December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2019. Donnelly, Matt (May 20, 2020). "Zack Snyder Will Release the 'Snyder Cut' of 'Justice League' on HBO Max". Variety. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020. Kit, Borys (May 20, 2020). "'It Will Be an Entirely New Thing': Zack Snyder's $20M-Plus 'Justice League' Cut Plans Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020. D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 22, 2020). "Zack Snyder's 'Justice League' Director's Cut Will Be Four Separate One-Hour Installments On HBO Max; Trailer Drops". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020. "Justice League Cast and Crew Will Return to Finish Zack Snyder's Cut". MovieWeb. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. "Ray Fisher will join 'Justice League' cast for 'Snyder Cut' filming, despite Warner Bros controversy". September 24, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Multiple sources; see, for example: Crow, David (March 18, 2021). "Zack Snyder's Justice League vs. the Whedon Cut: What are the Differences?". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. Truitt, Brian (March 15, 2021). "'Justice League': 10 burning questions you might have about HBO Max's four-hour 'Snyder Cut'". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. "Some new personalities who missed the Whedon Cut show up" Breznican, Anthony (February 22, 2021). "'Justice League': The Shocking, Exhilarating, Heartbreaking True Story of #TheSnyderCut". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. "After their private screening of the Whedon cut" Erbland, Kate (March 19, 2021). "'Justice League': Snyder Cut Delivers a Better Wonder Woman Than Joss Whedon, but She Still Deserves More". IndieWire. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. "Her answer was blunt, and wholly understandable when one compares the so-called "Whedon Cut" with the recently resurrected "Snyder Cut"." Fritz, Ben (July 19, 2018). "Holy Director's Cut, Batman! 'Justice League' Fans Demand a New Version of a Superhero Flop". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2021. "Instead, these believers in truth, justice and the Snyder way got what they derisively refer to as "Josstice League"." Hoffman, Jordan (March 9, 2021). "Just How Bad Is Joss Whedon's 'Justice League,' Anyway?". Decider. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. "The Snyder Cut is Not Canon in the DC Universe, Says Zack Snyder". Collider. March 18, 2021. Trumbore, Dave (December 9, 2016). "Justice League: Part Two' Delayed to Accommodate Ben Affleck's Standalone 'Batman' Film". Collider. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016. "Man of Steel Was Always Setting Up the Future DC Films Universe". ComicBook.com. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017. Fitch, Adam (October 21, 2017). "Justice League 2 Script Is Currently Being Written". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Zemler, Emily (November 19, 2017). "Henry Cavill on the secrets of Superman's return in 'Justice League'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Guerrasio, Jason. "'Justice League' is reportedly the last DC Comics movie Zack Snyder will direct". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2017. "Patty Jenkins turned down 'Justice League' because there were too many characters". May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. Granshaw, Lisa (January 26, 2019). "Patty Jenkins on Wonder Woman 3 setting, directing the next Justice League". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019. "'Aquaman' Producer on Spinoff and the Wait for a Sequel". The Hollywood Reporter. March 5, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019. Faughnder, Ryan (February 27, 2019). "Warner Bros.' Kevin Tsujihara talks AT&T, self-driving Batman cars and the DC universe". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019. Barnes, Brooks (December 27, 2020). "Managing Movie Superheroes Is About to Get a Lot More Complicated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020. Barfield, Charles (November 17, 2020). "Zack Snyder Has No Plans For 'Justice League' Sequel After Snyder Cut Release: "Frankly, I'm Cool"". Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021. IGN Fan Fest 2021 Livestream - Snyder Cut, Batman Beyond Table Read, & More! | Day 2, archived from the original on March 12, 2021, retrieved March 3, 2021 Pine, Aaron (January 15, 2021). "Ray Fisher Says He'd Return as Cyborg for Zack Snyder's Justice League 2". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021. "The SnyderVerse is Over, and There Will Be No Ayer Cut of 'Suicide Squad', According to Warner Bros". March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021. Bonomolo, Cameron (August 6, 2021). "Justice League 2: Producer Says a Sequel Is a "Number of Years Away"". ComicBook.com. Retrieved August 7, 2021. Kit, Borys (December 8, 2022). "Patty Jenkins' 'Wonder Woman 3' Not Moving Forward as DC Movies Hit Turning Point (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 8, 2022. Siegel, Tatiana (October 10, 2023). "'Aquaman 2' Flooded With Drama: Jason Momoa Allegedly Drunk on Set, Amber Heard Scenes Cut, Elon Musk's Letter to WB and More". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2023. 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Marvel Comics Parent company Disney Publishing Worldwide Status Active Founded 1939; 85 years ago (as Timely Comics) 1947; 77 years ago (as Magazine Management, parent company of Atlas Comics) 1961; 63 years ago (as Marvel Comics) Founder Martin Goodman Country of origin United States Headquarters location 135 W. 50th Street, New York City, New York Distribution Penguin Random House Publisher Services (direct market starting October 2021)[1] Diamond Comic Distributors (sub-distributor through Penguin Random House starting October 2021, direct market until October 2021) Hachette Book Group Client Services (trade paperbacks and graphic novels)[2] Key people C. B. Cebulski (EIC) John Nee (Publisher) Publication types List of publications Fiction genres SuperheroScience fictionFantasyActionAdventure Imprints imprint list Official website marvel.com Marvel Comics is an American comic book publisher and the property of The Walt Disney Company since December 31, 2009, and a subsidiary of Disney Publishing Worldwide since March 2023. Marvel was founded in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics,[3] and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in June 1961 with the launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, and many others. The Marvel brand, which had been used over the years and decades, was solidified as the company's primary brand. Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its staple of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Red Skull, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States.[4] Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015. History Timely Publications Main article: Timely Comics Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), the first comic from Marvel precursor Timely Comics. Cover art by Frank R. Paul. Pulp-magazine publisher Martin Goodman created the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939.[5][6] Goodman, who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman (Martin's brother)[7] officially listed as publisher.[6] Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner,[8] among other features.[5] The issue was a great success; it and a second printing the following month sold a combined nearly 900,000 copies.[9] While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc.,[5] Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes,[10] Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million.[9] Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.[3][11] While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these three characters, some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper",[12][13] as well as a line of children's talking animal comics featuring characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal. Goodman hired his wife's 16-year-old cousin,[14] Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939.[15] When editor Simon left the company in late 1941,[16] Goodman made Lieber—by then writing pseudonymously as "Stan Lee"—interim editor of the comics line, a position Lee kept for decades except for three years during his military service in World War II. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles. Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff.[3] One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled "A Marvel Magazine" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.[17] Magazine Management / Atlas Comics Main article: Atlas Comics (1950s) The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion.[18] Goodman's comic book line dropped them for the most part and expanded into a wider variety of genres than even Timely had published, featuring horror, Westerns, humor, talking animal, men's adventure-drama, giant monster, crime, and war comics, and later adding jungle books, romance titles, espionage, and even medieval adventure, Bible stories and sports. Goodman began using the globe logo of the Atlas News Company, the newsstand-distribution company he owned,[19] on comics cover-dated November 1951 even though another company, Kable News, continued to distribute his comics through the August 1952 issues.[20] This globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications.[21] Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and films—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in film monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line.[22] Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (similar to Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality.[23] In 1957 Goodman switched distributors to the American News Company — which shortly afterward lost a Justice Department lawsuit and discontinued its business.[24] Atlas was left without distribution and was forced to turn to Independent News, the distribution arm of its biggest rival, National (DC) Comics, which imposed draconian restrictions on Goodman's company. As then-Atlas editor Stan Lee recalled in a 1988 interview, "[We had been] turning out 40, 50, 60 books a month, maybe more, and ... suddenly we went ... to either eight or 12 books a month, which was all Independent News Distributors would accept from us."[25] Marvel Comics The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961). Cover art by Jack Kirby (penciler) and an unknown inker. The first modern comic books under the Marvel Comics brand were the science-fiction anthology Journey into Mystery #69 and the teen-humor title Patsy Walker #95 (both cover dated June 1961), which each displayed an "MC" box on its cover.[26] Then, in the wake of DC Comics' success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with the Flash, Green Lantern, Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Arrow, and other members of the team the Justice League of America, Marvel followed suit.[n 1] In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to older readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium, thus ushering what Marvel later called the Marvel Age of Comics.[27] Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961),[28] broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated.[29] This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something with which many readers could identify.[30] Stan Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age.[31] Eschewing such comic book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.[32] Marvel often presented flawed superheroes, freaks, and misfits—unlike the perfect, handsome, athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books. Some Marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters such as the Hulk and the Thing. This naturalistic approach even extended into topical politics. Comics historian Mike Benton also noted: In the world of [rival DC Comics'] Superman comic books, communism did not exist. Superman rarely crossed national borders or involved himself in political disputes.[33] From 1962 to 1965, there were more communists [in Marvel Comics] than on the subscription list of Pravda. Communist agents attack Ant-Man in his laboratory, red henchmen jump the Fantastic Four on the moon, and Viet Cong guerrillas take potshots at Iron Man.[34] All these elements struck a chord with the older readers, including college-aged adults. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan.[35] In 2009, writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times—or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?[36] In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. Marvel even lampooned itself and other comics companies in a parody comic, Not Brand Echh (a play on Marvel's dubbing of other companies as "Brand Echh", à la the then-common phrase "Brand X").[37] Originally, the company's publications were branded by a minuscule "Mc" on the upper right-hand corner of the covers. However, artist/writer Steve Ditko put a larger masthead picture of the title character of The Amazing Spider-Man on the upper left-hand corner on issue #2 that included the series' issue number and price. Lee appreciated the value of this visual motif and adapted it for the company's entire publishing line. This branding pattern, being typically either a full-body picture of the characters' solo titles or a collection of the main characters' faces in ensemble titles, would become standard for Marvel for decades.[38] Cover of The Avengers #4 (Mar 1964), featuring the return of Captain America. Art by Jack Kirby. Cadence Industries ownership In 1968, while selling 50 million[citation needed] comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted.[19] Late that year, he sold Marvel Comics and its parent company, Magazine Management, to the Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation (later known as Cadence Industries), though he remained as publisher.[39] In 1969, Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.[19] In 1971, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year.[40] Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and installed his son, Chip, as publisher.[41] Shortly thereafter, Lee succeeded him as publisher and also became Marvel's president[41] for a brief time.[42] During his time as president, he appointed his associate editor, prolific writer Roy Thomas, as editor-in-chief. Thomas added "Stan Lee Presents" to the opening page of each comic book.[41] Howard the Duck #8 (Jan. 1977). Cover art by Gene Colan and Steve Leialoha. A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code published titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian in 1970,[43] Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, "Killraven" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux.[44] Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.[45] In 1973, Perfect Film & Chemical renamed itself as Cadence Industries and renamed Magazine Management as Marvel Comics Group.[46] Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half.[47] In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic book stores resold them at a later date.[citation needed] But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution—selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands. Marvel ventured into audio in 1975 with a radio series and a record, both had Stan Lee as narrator. The radio series was Fantastic Four. The record was Spider-Man: Rock Reflections of a Superhero concept album for music fans.[48] Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #1 (May 1984). Cover art by Mike Zeck depicting Captain America, Wolverine, Cyclops, Hawkeye, Rogue, She-Hulk, The Thing, Colossus, Monica Rambeau, Nightcrawler, Spider-Man, Human Torch, Hulk, Iron Man and Storm.[49] Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics.[50] In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.[51] During this time, Marvel and the Iowa-based Register and Tribune Syndicate launched a number of syndicated comic strips — The Amazing Spider-Man, Howard the Duck, Conan the Barbarian, and The Incredible Hulk. None of the strips lasted past 1982, except for The Amazing Spider-Man, which is still being published. In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes.[52] Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market,[53] institutionalized creator royalties, starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint. Star Comics, a children-oriented line differing from the regular Marvel titles, was briefly successful during this period, although hampered by legal action by the owners of the recently defunct Harvey Comics for purposefully plagiarizing their house style.[54] Marvel Entertainment Group ownership In 1986, Marvel's parent, Marvel Entertainment Group, was sold to New World Entertainment, which within three years sold it to MacAndrews and Forbes, owned by Revlon executive Ronald Perelman in 1989. In 1991 Perelman took MEG public. Following the rapid rise of this stock, Perelman issued a series of junk bonds that he used to acquire other entertainment companies, secured by MEG stock.[55] Marvel's logo, c. 1990s Marvel earned a great deal of money with their 1980s children's comics imprint Star Comics[citation needed] and they earned a great deal more money and worldwide success during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker.[56][57] In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the Marvel Universe. Spider-Man #1, later renamed "Peter Parker: Spider-Man" (August 1990). Cover art by Todd McFarlane. In early 1992, when seven of Marvel’s prized artists — Todd McFarlane (known for his work on Spider-Man), Jim Lee (X-Men), Rob Liefeld (X-Force), Marc Silvestri (Wolverine), Erik Larsen (The Amazing Spider-Man), Jim Valentino (Guardians of the Galaxy), and Whilce Portacio (Uncanny X-Men) — left to form Image Comics[58] in a deal brokered by Malibu Comics' owner Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.[59] Three years later, on November 3, 1994, Rosenberg sold Malibu to Marvel.[60][61][62] In purchasing Malibu, Marvel now owned computer coloring technology that had been developed by Rosenberg,[63] and also integrated the Ultraverse line of comics and the Genesis Universe into Marvel's multiverse.[64] In late 1994, Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor.[65] As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc.[66][67] Then, by the middle of the decade, the industry had slumped, and in December 1996 MEG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[55] In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel[68]—giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.[69] Marvel in the early to mid-1990s expanded their entries in other media, including Saturday-morning cartoons and various comics collaborations to explore new genres. In 1992, they released the X-Men: The Animated Series which was aired on Fox Kids, they later released Spider-Man: The Animated Series on the network as well. In 1993, Marvel teamed up with Thomas Nelson to create Christian media genre comics, including a Christian superhero named The Illuminator, they made adaptions of Christian novels too, including In His Steps, The Screwtape Letters, and The Pilgrim's Progress.[70][71] In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in "Heroes Reborn", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The relaunched titles, which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe, were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry.[72] Marvel Enterprises In 1997, Toy Biz bought Marvel Entertainment Group to end the bankruptcy, forming a new corporation, Marvel Enterprises.[55] With his business partner Avi Arad, publisher Bill Jemas, and editor-in-chief Bob Harras, Toy Biz co-owner Isaac Perlmutter helped stabilize the comics line.[73] In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place “with reduced [Marvel] continuity,” according to one history, with better production quality. The imprint was helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada; it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Daredevil,[74] the Inhumans, and Black Panther.[citation needed] With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). The company also created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.[citation needed] Some of the company's properties were adapted into successful film franchises, such as the Men in Black film series (which was based on a Malibu book), starting in 1997, the Blade film series, starting in 1998, the X-Men film series, starting in 2000, and the highest grossing series, Spider-Man, beginning in 2002.[75] Marvel's Conan the Barbarian title was canceled in 1993 after 275 issues, while the Savage Sword of Conan magazine had lasted 235 issues. Marvel published additional titles including miniseries until 2000 for a total of 650 issues. Conan was picked up by Dark Horse Comics three years later.[43] In a cross-promotion, the November 1, 2006, episode of the CBS soap opera Guiding Light, titled "She's a Marvel", featured the character Harley Davidson Cooper (played by Beth Ehlers) as a superheroine named the Guiding Light.[76] The character's story continued in an eight-page backup feature, "A New Light", that appeared in several Marvel titles published November 1 and 8.[77] Also that year, Marvel created a wiki on its Web site.[78] In late 2007 the company launched Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited, a digital archive of over 2,500 back issues available for viewing, for a monthly or annual subscription fee.[79] At the December 2007 the New York Anime Fest, the company announcement that Del Rey Manga would published two original English language Marvel manga books featuring the X-Men and Wolverine to hit the stands in spring 2009.[80] In 2009 Marvel Comics closed its Open Submissions Policy, in which the company had accepted unsolicited samples from aspiring comic book artists, saying the time-consuming review process had produced no suitably professional work.[81] The same year, the company commemorated its 70th anniversary, dating to its inception as Timely Comics, by issuing the one-shot Marvel Mystery Comics 70th Anniversary Special #1 and a variety of other special issues.[82][83] Disney conglomerate unit (2009–present) Writers of Marvel titles in the 2010s include (seated left to right) Ed Brubaker, Christos Gage, Matt Fraction, and Brian Michael Bendis. On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced it would acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for a cash and stock deal worth approximately $4 billion, which if necessary would be adjusted at closing, giving Marvel shareholders $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they owned.[84][85] As of 2008, Marvel and its major competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market.[86] As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstore distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services.[87] Marvel moved its office to the Sports Illustrated Building in October 2010.[88] Marvel relaunched the CrossGen imprint, owned by Disney Publishing Worldwide, in March 2011.[89] Marvel and Disney Publishing began jointly publishing Disney/Pixar Presents magazine that May.[90] Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012,[91] and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block.[92] Also in March, Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics,[93] a line of digital comics, Marvel AR, a software application that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW!, a relaunch of most of the company's major titles with different creative teams.[94][95] Marvel NOW! also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men.[96] In April 2013, Marvel and other Disney conglomerate components began announcing joint projects. With ABC, a Once Upon a Time graphic novel was announced for publication in September.[97] With Disney, Marvel announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first title under their joint "Disney Kingdoms" imprint "Seekers of the Weird", a five-issue miniseries.[98] On January 3, 2014, fellow Disney subsidiary Lucasfilm announced that as of 2015, Star Wars comics would once again be published by Marvel.[99] Following the events of the company-wide crossover "Secret Wars" in 2015, a relaunched Marvel universe began in September 2015, called the All-New, All-Different Marvel.[100] Marvel Legacy was the company's Fall 2017 relaunch branding, which began that September. Books released as part of that initiative featured lenticular variant covers that required comic book stores to double their regular issue order to be able to order the variants. The owner of two Comix Experience stores complained about requiring retailers to purchase an excess of copies featuring the regular cover, which they would not be able to sell in order to acquire the more sought-after variant. Marvel responded to these complaints by rescinding these ordering requirements on newer series, but maintained it on more long-running titles like Invincible Iron Man. As a result, MyComicShop.com and at least 70 other comic book stores boycotted these variant covers.[101] Despite the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Logan, Thor: Ragnarok, and Spider-Man: Homecoming in theaters, none of those characters' titles featured in the top 10 sales and the Guardians of the Galaxy comic book series was canceled.[102] Conan Properties International announced on January 12, 2018, that Conan would return to Marvel in early 2019.[43] On March 1, 2019, Serial Box, a digital book platform, announced a partnership with Marvel, in which they would publish new and original stories tied to a number of Marvel's popular franchises.[103] In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, from March to May 2020, Marvel and its distributor Diamond Comic Distributors stopped producing and releasing new comic books.[104][105][106] On March 25, 2021, Marvel Comics announced that they planned to shift their direct market distribution for monthly comics and graphic novels from Diamond Comic Distributors to Penguin Random House. The change was scheduled to start on October 1, 2021, in a multi-year partnership. The arrangement would still allow stores the option to order comics from Diamond, but Diamond would be acting as a wholesaler rather than distributor.[1] Officers Michael Z. Hobson, executive vice president;[107] Marvel Comics Group vice-president (1986)[108] Stan Lee, chairman and publisher (1986)[108] Joseph Calamari, executive vice president (1986)[108] Jim Shooter, vice president and editor-in-chief (1986)[108] Publishers (Abraham Goodman, 1939[6]) Martin Goodman, 1939–1972[41] Charles "Chip" Goodman, 1972[41] Stan Lee, 1972 – October 1996[41][42][107] Shirrel Rhoades, October 1996 – October 1998[107] Winston Fowlkes, February 1998 – November 1999[107] Bill Jemas, February 2000 – 2003[107] Dan Buckley, 2003[109] — January 2017[110][111] John Nee, January 2018 — present[110] Editors-in-chief Marvel's chief editor originally held the title of "editor". This head editor's title later became "editor-in-chief". Joe Simon was the company's first true chief-editor, with publisher Martin Goodman, who had served as titular editor only and outsourced editorial operations. In 1994 Marvel briefly abolished the position of editor-in-chief, replacing Tom DeFalco with five group editors-in-chief. As Carl Potts described the 1990s editorial arrangement: In the early '90s, Marvel had so many titles that there were three Executive Editors, each overseeing approximately one-third of the line. Bob Budiansky was the third Executive Editor [following the previously promoted Mark Gruenwald and Potts]. We all answered to Editor-in-Chief Tom DeFalco and Publisher Mike Hobson. All three Executive Editors decided not to add our names to the already crowded credits on the Marvel titles. Therefore it wasn't easy for readers to tell which titles were produced by which Executive Editor … In late '94, Marvel reorganized into a number of different publishing divisions, each with its own Editor-in-Chief.[112] Marvel reinstated the overall editor-in-chief position in 1995 with Bob Harras. Editor Martin Goodman (1939–1940; titular only)[6] Joe Simon (1939–1941) Stan Lee (1941–1942) Vincent Fago (acting editor during Lee's military service) (1942–1945) Stan Lee (1945–1972) Roy Thomas (1972–1974) Len Wein (1974–1975) Marv Wolfman (black-and-white magazines 1974–1975, entire line 1975–1976) Gerry Conway (1976) Archie Goodwin (1976–1978) Editor-in-chief Jim Shooter (1978–1987) Tom DeFalco (1987–1994) No overall; separate group editors-in-chief (1994–1995) Bob Budiansky, Spider-Man Group Bobbie Chase, Marvel Edge Mark Gruenwald, Marvel Universe (that is, Avengers & Cosmic) Bob Harras, X-Men Group Carl Potts, Marvel Comics (licensed property titles only)[112] Bob Harras (1995–2000) Joe Quesada (2000–2011) Axel Alonso (2011–2017) C. B. Cebulski (2017–present)[113] Executive Editors Originally called associate editor when Marvel's chief editor just carried the title of editor, the title of the second-highest editorial position became executive editor under the chief editor title of editor-in-chief. The title of associate editor later was revived under the editor-in-chief as an editorial position in charge of few titles under the direction of an editor and without an assistant editor. Associate Editor Jim Shooter, January 5, 1976 – January 2, 1978[114] Executive Editor Tom DeFalco, 1983–1987 Mark Gruenwald, 1987–1991; Senior Executive Editor: 1991–1995 Carl Potts, Epic Comics Executive Editor, 1989–1995[112] Bob Budiansky, Special Projects Executive Editor, 1991–1995[112] Bobbie Chase, 1995–2001 Tom Brevoort, 2007–2011[115] Axel Alonso, 2010 – January 2011[116] Ownership Martin Goodman (1939–1968) Parent corporation Magazine Management Co. (1968–1973) Cadence Industries (1973–1986) Marvel Entertainment Group (1986–1998) Marvel Enterprises, Inc. (1998–2005) Marvel Entertainment, Inc (2005–2009) Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2009–2023, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company) Disney Publishing Worldwide (2023–present) Offices Located in New York City, Marvel has had successive headquarters: in the McGraw-Hill Building,[6] where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939[117] in suite 1401 of the Empire State Building[117] at 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the parent publishing-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.)[117] 575 Madison Avenue;[117] 387 Park Avenue South[117] 10 East 40th Street[117] 417 Fifth Avenue[117] a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) space in the Sports Illustrated Building at 135 W. 50th Street (October 2010—[88][118] present) Productions TV Animated Series Aired Production Distributor Network Episodes The Marvel Super Heroes 1966 Grantray-Lawrence Animation / Marvel Comics Group Krantz Films ABC 65 Fantastic Four 1967–68 Hanna-Barbera Productions / Marvel Comics Group Taft Broadcasting 20 Spider-Man 1967–70 Grantray-Lawrence Animation / Krantz Films / Marvel Comics Group 52 The New Fantastic Four 1978 DePatie-Freleng Enterprises / Marvel Comics Animation Marvel Entertainment NBC 13 Fred and Barney Meet the Thing 1979 Hanna-Barbera Productions / Marvel Comics Group Taft Broadcasting 13 (26 segments of The Thing) Spider-Woman 1979–80 DePatie-Freleng Enterprises / Marvel Comics Animation Marvel Entertainment ABC 16 Market share This section appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (July 2017) In 2017, Marvel held a 38.30% share of the comics market, compared to its competitor DC Comics' 33.93%.[119] By comparison, the companies respectively held 33.50% and 30.33% shares in 2013, and 40.81% and 29.94% shares in 2008.[120] Marvel characters in other media Marvel characters and stories have been adapted to many other media. Some of these adaptations were produced by Marvel Comics and its sister company, Marvel Studios, while others were produced by companies licensing Marvel material. Games In June 1993, Marvel issued its collectable caps for milk caps game under the Hero Caps brand.[121] In 2014, the Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers Japanese TV series was launched together with a collectible game called Bachicombat, a game similar to the milk caps game, by Bandai.[122] Collectible card games The RPG industry brought the development of the collectible card game (CCG) in the early 1990s which there were soon Marvel characters were featured in CCG of their own starting in 1995 with Fleer's OverPower (1995–1999). Later collectible card game were: Marvel Superstars (2010–?) Upper Deck Company ReCharge Collectible Card Game (2001–? ) Marvel Vs. System (2004–2009, 2014–) Upper Deck Company X-Men Trading Card Game (2000–?) Wizards of the Coast Marvel Champions: The Card Game (2019—present) Fantasy Flight Games, a Living Card Game[123] Miniatures Marvel Crisis Protocol (Fall 2019—) Atomic Mass Games[124] HeroClix, WizKids Role-playing Main article: List of Marvel RPG supplements TSR published the pen-and-paper role-playing game Marvel Super Heroes in 1984. TSR then released in 1998 the Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game which used a different system, the card-based SAGA system, than their first game. In 2003 Marvel Publishing published its own role-playing game, the Marvel Universe Roleplaying Game, that used a diceless stone pool system.[125] In August 2011 Margaret Weis Productions announced it was developing a tabletop role-playing game based on the Marvel universe, set for release in February 2012 using its house Cortex Plus RPG system.[126] Video games Main article: Marvel Games Video games based on Marvel characters go back to 1984 and the Atari 2600 game, Spider-Man. Since then several dozen video games have been released and all have been produces by outside licensees. In 2014, Disney Infinity 2.0: Marvel Super Heroes was released that brought Marvel characters to the existing Disney sandbox video game. Films Main articles: List of films based on Marvel Comics publications, Marvel Cinematic Universe, and List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films As of the start of September 2015, films based on Marvel's properties represent the highest-grossing U.S. franchise, having grossed over $7.7 billion[127] as part of a worldwide gross of over $18 billion. As of 2024, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has grossed over $32 billion. Live shows Spider-Man's Wedding (1987) Spider-Man On Stage (1999) Spider-Man Stunt Show: A Stunt Spectacular (2002–2004) Spider-Man Live! (2002–2003) The Marvel Experience (2014–) Marvel Universe Live! (2014–) live arena show Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark (2011–2014) a Broadway musical Prose novels Main articles: Marvel Books and Marvel Press Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out film novelizations.[128] In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press.[129] However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008.[128] With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line.[130] Television programs Main article: List of television series based on Marvel Comics Many television series, both live-action and animated, have based their productions on Marvel Comics characters. These include series for popular characters such as Spider-Man, Iron Man, the Hulk, the Avengers, the X-Men, Fantastic Four, the Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, the Punisher, the Defenders, S.H.I.E.L.D., Agent Carter, Deadpool, Legion, and others. Additionally, a handful of television films, usually also pilots, based on Marvel Comics characters have been made. Theme parks Marvel has licensed its characters for theme parks and attractions, including Marvel Super Hero Island at Universal Orlando's Islands of Adventure[131] in Orlando, Florida, which includes rides based on their iconic characters and costumed performers, as well as The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man ride cloned from Islands of Adventure to Universal Studios Japan.[132] Years after Disney purchased Marvel in late 2009, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks,[133][134] with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction.[135][136] Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks.[137] However, this only includes characters that Universal is currently using, other characters in their "families" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters.[131] This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy.[138][139] Imprints Marvel Comics Marvel Press, joint imprint with Disney Books Group Icon Comics (creator owned) Infinite Comics Timely Comics MAX 20th Century Studios[140] Disney Kingdoms Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint Seekers of the Weird, a five-issue miniseries inspired by a never built Disneyland attraction Museum of the Weird.[98] Marvel's Disney Kingdoms imprint has since released comic adaptations of Big Thunder Mountain Railroad,[141] Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room,[142] The Haunted Mansion,[143] two series on Figment[144][145] based on Journey Into Imagination. Defunct Amalgam Comics CrossGen Curtis Magazines/Marvel Magazine Group Marvel Monsters Group Epic Comics (creator owned) (1982–2004) Malibu Comics (1994–1997) Marvel 2099 (1992–1998) Marvel Absurd Marvel Age/Adventures Marvel Books Marvel Edge Marvel Knights Marvel Illustrated Marvel Mangaverse Marvel Music Marvel Next Marvel Noir Marvel UK Marvel Frontier MC2 New Universe Paramount Comics (co-owned with Viacom's Paramount Pictures) Razorline Star Comics Tsunami Ultimate Comics See also List of comics characters which originated in other media List of magazines released by Marvel Comics in the 1970s Notes Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of DC Comics (then known as National Periodical Publications) bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 [February 1960] before going on to its own title) to publisher Martin Goodman (whose holdings included the nascent Marvel Comics) during a game of golf. However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in Alter Ego #43 (December 2004), pp. 43–44 Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us … who worked for DC during our college summers.... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News). … As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. … Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. … Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower aware of the JLA's strong sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee, to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee in Origins of Marvel Comics (Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974), p. 16: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [sic] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. … ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?'" References Schedeen, Jesse (March 25, 2021). "Marvel Comics Shifts to New Distributor in Industry-Rattling Move – IGN". IGN. Retrieved March 25, 2021. "Hachette – Our Clients". Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017. Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 27 & 32–33. ISBN 0-8109-3821-9. Timely Publications became the name under which Goodman first published a comic book line. He eventually created a number of companies to publish comics ... but Timely was the name by which Goodman's Golden Age comics were known... Marvel wasn't always Marvel; in the early 1940s the company was known as Timely Comics, and some covers bore this shield. Sanderson, Peter (November 20, 2007). The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City. Gallery Books. Postal indicia in issue, per Marvel Comics #1 [1st printing] (October 1939) Archived November 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at the Grand Comics Database: "Vol.1, No.1, MARVEL COMICS, Oct, 1939 Published monthly by Timely Publications, ... Art and editorial by Funnies Incorporated..." Per statement of ownership, dated October 2, 1939, published in Marvel Mystery Comics #4 (Feb. 1940), p. 40; reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Golden Age Marvel Comics Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1609-5), p. 239 Bell, Blake; Vassallo, Michael J. (2013). The Secret History of Marvel Comics: Jack Kirby and the Moonlighting Artists at Martin Goodman's Empire. Fantagraphics Books. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-60699-552-5. Writer-artist Bill Everett's Sub-Mariner had actually been created for an undistributed movie-theater giveaway comic, Motion Picture Funnies Weekly earlier that year, with the previously unseen, eight-page original story expanded by four pages for Marvel Comics #1. Per researcher Keif Fromm, Alter Ego #49, p. 4 (caption), Marvel Comics #1, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, cover-dated November 1939. The latter appears identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside front-cover indicia, and the November date added at the end. That sold approximately 800,000 copies—a large figure in the market of that time. Also per Fromm, the first issue of Captain America Comics sold nearly one million copies. Goulart, Ron (2000). Comic book culture: an illustrated history. Collectors Press, Inc. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-888054-38-5.. Preceding Captain America were MLJ Comics' the Shield and Fawcett Comics' Minute-Man. "Marvel : Timely Publications (Indicia Publisher)" Archived January 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the Grand Comics Database. "This is the original business name under which Martin Goodman began publishing comics in 1939. It was used on all issues up to and including those cover-dated March 1941 or Winter 1940–1941, spanning the period from Marvel Comics #1 to Captain America Comics #1. It was replaced by Timely Comics, Inc. starting with all issues cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941." "GCD :: Story Search Results". comics.org. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007. A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics. Smithsonian Institution/Harry N. Abrams. 1981. Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior!: The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Fireside Books. p. 22. ISBN 0-684-87305-2. Simon, Joe; with Simon, Jim (1990). The Comic Book Makers. 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Further reading George, Milo (2001). Jack Kirby: The TCJ Interviews. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 1-56097-434-6. Howe, Sean (2012). Marvel Comics: the Untold Story. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-199210-0. Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03657-0. Lupoff, Dick; Thompson, Don (1997). All in Color for a Dime. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-498-5. Steranko, James (1971). The Steranko History of Comics. Vol. 1. Supergraphics. ISBN 0-517-50188-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marvel Comics. Wikiquote has quotations related to Marvel Comics. Official website Edit this at Wikidata Vassallo, Michael J. (2005). "A Timely Talk with Allen Bellman". Comicartville.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010.. Complete Marvel Reading Order from Travis Starnes vte Marvel Comics The Walt Disney Company since 2009 Disney Publishing Worldwide Publications Comics AComics B–CComics D–EComics F–GComics H–LComics MComics N–RComics SComics T–VComics W–ZTimely and Atlas comicsCurrent comics Universe Marvel UniverseMultiverseCharactersCrossoversSuperhero debutsTeams and organizationsCriminal organizationsFirst appearancesFeaturesAlien racesMonstersMarvel IndexOfficial Handbook Lines and imprints Current Marvel Press Disney jointMarvel UnlimitedUltimate Universe Defunct Amalgam DC Comics jointCrossGen Disney propertyEpicIconInfiniteMarvel 2099Marvel AbsurdMarvel Adventures/Marvel AgeMarvel BooksMarvel Comics 2Marvel CyberComicsMarvel EdgeMarvel Graphic NovelMarvel IllustratedMarvel KnightsMarvel MangaverseMarvel Music (original)Marvel NextMarvel NoirMarvel UKMAXNew UniverseParamountRazorlineStarThe EndTsunamiUltimate Marvel Reprints Essential MarvelMarvel MasterworksMarvel OmnibusMarvel Premiere ClassicMarvel Ultimate Collection/Complete Collection, Complete Epic and Epic Collection Predecessors Timely ComicsMagazine Management 1970sAtlas ComicsAcquired charactersMalibu Comics Aircel ComicsEternity ComicsAdventure Publications Editors-in-chief / executive editors Joe SimonStan LeeVincent FagoRoy ThomasLen WeinMarv WolfmanGerry ConwayArchie GoodwinJim ShooterTom DeFalcoBob HarrasJoe QuesadaAxel AlonsoC. B. Cebulski Adaptations NovelsFilmsTelevision seriesVideo gamesRole-playing gamesUnproduced adaptations filmsimprint filmstelevision Related Marvel Comics rating systemMarvel No-PrizeMarvel Super Hero IslandPeopleFunnies Inc.Kimble v. MarvelWalt Disney StudiosMarvel StudiosMarvel Entertainment Category vte Disney Consumer Products Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney ComicsDisney EnglishMarvel ComicsMarvel Press (Marvel joint)NG Media (70%) Games and interactive experiences DCPI LabsDisney Interactive Studios (defunct) video gamesDisney MobilePlaydom (defunct)FoxNext (defunct) Other D23Disney comicsDisney Tsum TsumDisney VaultMarvel EntertainmentVinylmation Blank: A Vinylmation Love Story Disney Experiences Disney franchises vte Marvel Entertainment Former subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company Key people Kevin Feige (Studios President, CCO)Dan Buckley (President)Joe SimonStan LeeVincent FagoRoy ThomasLen WeinMarv WolfmanGerry ConwayArchie GoodwinJim ShooterTom DeFalcoBob HarrasJoe QuesadaAxel AlonsoC. B. 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