9/11 Gold Silber 3D Münze 11. September Eine Welt Handelszentrum magnetischer Stand Up

EUR 27,83 Sofort-Kaufen oder Preisvorschlag, EUR 6,95 Versand, 30-Tag Rücknahmen, eBay-Käuferschutz
Verkäufer: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3.187) 99.7%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 266704858848 9/11 Gold Silber 3D Münze 11. September Eine Welt Handelszentrum magnetischer Stand Up. Nintendo launches the Wii. The Second Chechen War ends. Somalia War of 2006 begins. 2006 Lebanon War. See also: 2006 § Deaths. Bombings occur in Russia and Somalia. 1 / 7: DAVID MAXWELL/GETTY IMAGES. September 11th 2001 Stand Up 3D Coin Uncirculated Silver & Gold Plated Commemoration Coin Depicts the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center on the New York City Skyline The twin towers are in silver with the rest of the coin in Silver There is a small magnetic on the coin so The Twin Towers Can be removed from the coin and when placed over the magnet stands up to make an amazing ornament It also has the date it was destroyed September 11th 2001 and the words "In Memory" It has the words "Even Grief Recedes with Time, but we will never forget" The Back of the coin shows the freedom tower which replaced the twin towersT The USA Flag the stars and the stripes in the back ground with the Manhatton Skyline The bottom half of the coin in the Hudson River The reflection of the Freedom Tower in the water is the Twin Tower The words around the coin are "NYPD Counter Terrorism Burea" with stars "Rember the Past - Defend the Future" and "World Trade Center Command" The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about  1 oz Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder with a Deluxe Coin Jewel Case. In Excellent Condition

9/11 Gold & Silver Stand Up 3D Coin

Video will open in a new window

Using the mobile app? Copy this link into your browser: If video does not work search youtube for "9/11 Gold & Silver Stand Up 3D Coin" 
Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake to Remember 911
Would make an Excellent Stocking Filler at Christmas! A Beautiful coin and Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir In Excellent Condition

Click Here to Check out my other Unusual Items!     Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 1,000 Satisfied Customers
I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together I always combined postage on multiple items   All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. 

Overseas Bidders Please Note Surface Mail Delivery Times > 

Western Europe takes up to 2 weeks, 

Eastern Europe up to 5 weeks, 

North America up to 6 weeks, 

South America, Africa and Asia up to 8 weeks and 

Australasia up to 12 weeks

For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain!

XXXX - DO NOT CLICK HERE - XXXX  

Click Here to Add me to Your List of Favourite Sellers

Instant Positive Feedback Automatically left upon  receiving  payment

Thanks for Looking and Hope to deal soon :)

"A Thing of Beauty is a Joy for ever"

So go ahead and treat yourself! With my free returns there is no risk!

I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra 1

On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which triggered major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defined the presidency of George W. Bush. World Trade Center On September 11, 2001, at 8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a gaping, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, 18 minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767—United Airlines Flight 175—appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and onto the streets below. It immediately became clear that America was under attack. Play Video Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden The hijackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by the al Qaeda terrorist organization of Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America’s support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and had taken flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. Others had slipped into the country in the months before September 11 and acted as the “muscle” in the operation. Where Did the Planes Take Off From? The 19 terrorists easily smuggled box-cutters and knives through security at three East Coast airports—Logan International Airport in Boston, Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C. and Newark International Airport in New Jersey—and boarded four early-morning flights bound for California, chosen because the planes were loaded with fuel for the long transcontinental journey. Soon after takeoff, the terrorists commandeered the four planes and took the controls, transforming ordinary passenger jets into guided missiles. Pentagon Attack Play Video Remembering 9/11: The Pentagon Attack As millions watched the events unfolding in New York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., before crashing into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete building, which is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense. All told, 125 military personnel and civilians were killed in the Pentagon, along with all 64 people aboard the airliner. Twin Towers Collapse Less than 15 minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. The structural steel of the skyscraper, built to withstand winds in excess of 200 miles per hour and a large conventional fire, could not withstand the tremendous heat generated by the burning jet fuel. At 10:30 a.m., the north building of the twin towers collapsed. Only six people in the World Trade Center towers at the time of their collapse survived. Almost 10,000 others were treated for injuries, many severe. Play Video 9/11: Pedestrians Flee Twin Towers Area Flight 93 Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane—United Flight 93—was hijacked about 40 minutes after leaving Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone and Airfone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned an insurrection. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett, Jr., told his wife over the phone that “I know we’re all going to die. There’s three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey.” Another passenger—Todd Beamer—was heard saying “Are you guys ready? Let’s roll” over an open line. Sandy Bradshaw, a flight attendant, called her husband and explained that she had slipped into a galley and was filling pitchers with boiling water. Her last words to him were “Everyone’s running to first class. I’ve got to go. Bye.” The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped toward the ground at upwards of 500 miles per hour, crashing in a rural field near Shanksville in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All 44 people aboard were killed. Its intended target is not known, but theories include the White House, the U.S. Capitol, the Camp David presidential retreat in Maryland or one of several nuclear power plants along the eastern seaboard. How Many People Died in the 9/11 Attacks? Play Video After 9/11: Fifteen Septembers Later A total of 2,996 people were killed in the 9/11 attacks, including the 19 terrorist hijackers aboard the four airplanes. Citizens of 78 countries died in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania. At the World Trade Center, 2,763 died after the two planes slammed into the twin towers. That figure includes 343 firefighters and paramedics, 23 New York City police officers and 37 Port Authority police officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped on higher floors. At the Pentagon, 189 people were killed, including 64 on American Airlines Flight 77, the airliner that struck the building. On Flight 93, 44 people died when the plane crash-landed in Pennsylvania. America Responds to the Attacks At 7 p.m., President George W. Bush, who was in Florida at the time of the attacks and had spent the day being shuttled around the country because of security concerns, returned to the White House. At 9 p.m., he delivered a televised address from the Oval Office, declaring, “Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.” In a reference to the eventual U.S. military response he declared, “We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.” Operation Enduring Freedom, the American-led international effort to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy Osama bin Laden’s terrorist network based there, began on October 7. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued, as U.S. and coalition forces attempted to defeat a Taliban insurgency campaign based in neighboring Pakistan. Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the September 11th attacks, remained at large until May 2, 2011, when he was finally tracked down and killed by U.S. forces at a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan. In June 2011, then-President Barack Obama announced the beginning of large-scale troop withdrawals from Afghanistan; it took until August 2021 for all U.S. forces to withdraw. The Firefighters of 9/11 How 9/11 Became the Deadliest Day in History for U.S. Firefighters At 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001, hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. Six minutes later, the first contingent of New York City firefighters—two ladder and two engine companies—had arrived at the stricken building. They had just begun to climb a stairwell […] Read more How United Flight 93 Passengers Fought Back on 9/11 The coordinated terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 unfolded at nightmarish speed. At 8:46 a.m., the first plane struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Sixteen minutes later, a second jet hit the South Tower. At 9:37, an airliner hit the Pentagon. Within hours, thousands had died, including hundreds of first responders who’d […] Read more Manhattan mit World Trade Center / New York(GERMANY OUT) New York (Stadt). New York, USA: Skyline von Manhattan mit den Türmen des World Trade Centers. WTC, Twin Towers. How the Design of the World Trade Center Claimed Lives on 9/11 I heard whooshing sounds… One of the most vivid pictures I have of the day is this waterfall of fire falling down. It was raining fire inside the elevator bank… I yelled ‘Stairs! Follow me!’ I turned right and just started running. —Neil Lucente, then-employee of Network Plus, North Tower, 81 floor* It’s hard to imagine […] Read more Department of Homeland Security Is Created In the wake of security fears raised by 9/11 and the mailing of letters containing anthrax that killed two and infected 17, The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security. It was signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 25, 2002. Today, the Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet responsible for preventing terror attacks, border security, immigrations and customs and disaster relief and prevention. The act was followed two days later by the formation of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. The bipartisan “9/11 Commission,” as it came to be known, was charged with investigating the events that lead up to September 11th. The 9/11 Commission Report was released on July 22, 2004. It named Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the accused mastermind behind 9/11, “the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks.”  Mohammed led propaganda operations for al Qaeda from 1999-2001. He was captured on March 1, 2003 by the Central Intelligence Agency and Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence and interrogated before being imprisoned in Guantanamo Bay detention camp with four other accused terrorists charged with 9/11-related war crimes. The use of torture, including waterboarding, during Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s interrogation has received international attention. In August 2019, a U.S. military court judge in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba set a trial date for Mohammed and the other four men charged with plotting the 9/11 terrorist attacks to begin in 2021; it was later postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Impact of 9/11 The 9/11 attacks had an immediate negative effect on the U.S. economy. Many Wall Street institutions, including the New York Stock Exchange, were evacuated during the attacks. On the first day of trading after the attacks, the market fell 7.1 percent, or 684 points. New York City’s economy alone lost 143,000 jobs a month and $2.8 billion wages in the first three months. The heaviest losses were in finance and air transportation, which accounted for 60 percent of lost jobs. The estimated cost of the World Trade Center damage is $60 billion. The cost to clean the debris at Ground Zero was $750 million. On 9/11, Some Evacuated the Pentagon—But Kept Going Back Inside On the morning of September 11, 2001, Lieutenant Colonel Paul “Ted” Anderson noticed that his colleagues at the Pentagon were gathered around a TV. When he walked over, he learned that a plane had just crashed into the World Trade Center’s North Tower in New York City. “I watched with them in amazement as the […] Read more 5 Ways September 11 Changed America 5 Ways September 11 Changed America September 11, 2001 is an inflection point—there was life before the terrorist attacks and there is life after them. Nearly 3,000 Americans were killed on that clear, sunny morning when two hijacked airplanes crashed into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, another plowed into the Pentagon and a fourth was brought down […] Read more September 11, 2001, George W Bush on Air Force One September 11: Six Ways Uncertainty Reigned Aboard Air Force One On 9/11, millions of Americans became glued to their televisions, watching in horror as hijacked planes attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. But there was one critical group of people who, for a time, received only snippets of information—and misinformation—as the day unfolded. They were the passengers of Air Force One—including the president […] Read more Victim Compensation Fund Thousands of first responders and people working and living in lower Manhattan near Ground Zero were exposed to toxic fumes and particles emanating from the towers as they burned and fell. By 2018, 10,000 people were diagnosed with 9/11-related cancer. From 2001 to 2004, over $7 billion dollars in compensation was given to families of the 9/11 victims and the 2,680 people injured in the attacks. Funding was renewed on January 2, 2011, when President Barack Obama signed The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act into law. Named for James Zadroga, a New York City Police officer who died of respiratory disease he contracted after rescuing people from the rubble at Ground Zero, the law continued health monitoring and compensation for 9/11 first responders and survivors.  In 2015, funding for the treatment of 9/11-related illness was renewed for five more years at a total of $7.4 billion. The Victim Compensation Fund was set to stop accepting claims in December 2020. On July 29, 2019, then-President Trump signed a law authorizing support for the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund through 2092. Previously, administrators had cut benefits by up to 70 percent as the $7.4 billion fund depleted. Vocal lobbyists for the fund included Jon Stewart, 9/11 first responder John Feal and retired New York Police Department detective and 9/11 responder Luis Alvarez, who died of cancer 18 days after testifying before Congress. Anniversary and Memorial Play Video The 9/11 Survivor Tree On December 18, 2001, Congress approved naming September 11 “Patriot Day” to commemorate the anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. In 2009, Congress named September 11 a National Day of Service and Remembrance. The first memorials to September 11 came in the immediate wake of the attacks, with candlelight vigils and flower tributes at U.S. embassies around the world. In Great Britain, Queen Elizabeth sang the American national anthem during the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace. Rio de Janeiro put up billboards showing the city’s Christ the Redeemer statue embracing the New York City skyline. For the first anniversary of the attacks in New York City in 2002, two bright columns of light were shot up into the sky from where the Twin Towers once stood. The “Tribute in Light” then became an annual installation run by the Municipal Art Society of New York. On clear nights, the beams are visible from over 60 miles away. A World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to select an appropriate permanent memorial to the victims of 9/11. The winning design by Michael Arad, “Reflecting Absence,” now sits outside the museum in an eight-acre park. It consists of two reflecting pools with waterfalls rushing down where the Twin Towers once rose into the sky.  The names of all 2,983 victims are engraved on the 152 bronze panels surrounding the pools, arranged by where individuals were on the day of the attacks, so coworkers and people on the same flight are memorialized together. The site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of 9/11. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum followed, opening on the original World Trade Center site in May 2014. The Freedom Tower, also on the original World Trade Center site, opened in November 2014.   Photo Galleries Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks Civilians bolt in the opposite direction as firefighters rush towards the Twin Towers of the New York City's World Trade Center after a plane hit the building on September 11, 2001. Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks Suicide hijackers flew planes into both towers of the World Trade Center, causing the towers' eventual collapse. The 9/11 attacks not only became the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history, they were also the deadliest incident ever for firefighters, as well as for law enforcement officers in the United States.  Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks The New York City Fire Department lost 343 among their ranks on 9/11. Here, FDNY firefighters react after the collapse of the building. Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks A New York firefighter is seen alone amid the rubble of the World Trade Center following the attacks. "We had a very strong sense we would lose firefighters and that we were in deep trouble, FDNY Division Chief for Lower Manhattan Peter Hayden later told the 9/11 Commission. “But we had estimates of 25,000 to 50,000 civilians, and we had to try to rescue them.” Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks Members of the FDNY carry fellow firefighter, Al Fuentes, who was injured in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Captain Fuentes, who had been pinned under a vehicle on the west side highway, survived after his rescue.  Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks A firefighter crouches in grief at the World Trade Center site on 9/11. Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks The rubble of the World Trade Center smolders on September 12, 2001 as firefighters continue recovery efforts. Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks A New York City fireman calls for 10 more rescue workers to make their way into the rubble of the World Trade Center September 14, 2001 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack.  Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks On September 14, 2001, President George W. Bush flew to New York City and visited the World Trade Center site. Here the president comforts New York City firefighter, Lt Lenard Phelan of Battalion 46, whose brother, Lt Kenneth Phelan of Battalion 32, was among the 300 members of the FDNY still unaccounted following the attacks. Kenneth Phelan was eventually identified among the firefighters killed. Photos: FDNY Firefighters during the 9/11 attacks An estimated 17,400 people had been at the World Trade Center on the day of the 9/11 attacks, and some 87 percent of them were safely evacuated thanks in large part to firefighters' heroic efforts. 1 / 10: JOSE JIMENEZ/PRIMERA HORA/GETTY IMAGES 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) In this handout provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, first responders on scene following an attack at the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 in Arlington, Virginia. American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked by al Qaeda terrorists who flew it in to the building killing 184 people.  the pentagon, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, rescue helicopter, washington boulevard, evacuating wounded, terrorist attack A rescue helicopter uses Washington Boulevard outside the Pentagon to evacuate injured personnel after the terrorist attack on the building on September 11, 2001. 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) First responders pour water on the fire on scene following the attacks. the pentagon, u.s. military headquarters, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, damaged pentagon The Pentagon was heavily damaged after the hijacked commercial airliner crashed into the southwest corner of the building. 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) This FBI photo shows a closer look at the damage to the building. 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) Emergency workers and firefighters worked through the night searching for survivors. the pentagon, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, terrorist attack, rescue and recovery efforts, u.s. flag, firefighters, soldiers Firefighters and soldiers unfurl a large American flag over the side of the Pentagon during rescue and recovery efforts. the pentagon, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, terrorist attack, president george w. bush, secretary of defense donald rumsfeld U.S. President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld visit the Pentagon to view the damage the day after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) A piece of debris from American Airlines Flight 77 that was collected by the FBI on scene following the attacks. 9/11 Attacks on the Pentagon (September 11, 2001) Another piece of debris from American Airlines Flight 77 that was collected by the FBI on scene following the attacks. september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, terrorist attack, united flight 93, united flight 175, american flight 11, american flight 77, world trade center, new york city, the pentagon, washington, d.c, 9/11, hijackers The 19 hijackers who took control of four commercial airplanes and crashed them into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. the pentagon, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, terrorist attack, united flight 93, 9/11, the washington memorial, washington, d.c., american flags, half-mast Circling the base of the Washington Memorial in Washington DC, American flags fly at half-mast in the week after the September 11th attacks. 1 / 12: FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION VIA GETTY IMAGES 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 photos (September 11, 2001) Smoke rises behind investigators as they comb the crater left by the crash of United Airlines flight 93 near Shanksville, Pennsylvania September 12, 2001. Flight 93 is one of four planes that were hijacked as part of a deadly and destructive terrorist plot against the U.S. September 11. 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 photos (September 11, 2001) A yellow crime scene tape lays discarded next to a cross draped with white cloth that was erected on a hill overlooking the once peaceful valley where United Flight 93 crashed, killing 38 passengers and seven crew members. This photo was taken on September 24, 2001 as charred trees and piles of dirt still remain as reminders of the fateful day. Power lines and paved roads were installed by the investigators in the rural setting. 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 photos (September 11, 2001), evidence This photograph released by the U.S. District Court shows the flight data recorder found at the scene where United Flight 93 crashed.  the pentagon, september 11, 2001, september 11th attacks, terrorist attack, united flight 93, melanie hankinson, new baltimore, flight 93 debris In the woods behind her home, about six miles from the crash site of United Flight 93, Melanie Hankinson of New Baltimore found several pieces of charred paper that she believes drifted through the air after the crash. 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 photos (September 11, 2001), First Lady Laura Bush First Lady Laura Bush speaks at a memorial service for victims of United Flight 93 on September 17, 2001. Hundreds of family members of the victims from all over the country were present. 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 memorial photos (September 11, 2001) Amy Shumaker, of Hooversville, PA, holds her son Ryan Shumaker, 4, at the Flight 93 memorial near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, on September 4, 2002. Shumaker said she was one of the first EMT's on the scene at the time of the crash. 9/11 Attacks: Flight 93 memorial photos (September 11, 2001) On September 24, 2002, Congress passed the Flight 93 National Memorial Act. The Act created a new national park unit to commemorate the passengers and crew of Flight 93 which opened to the public in 2015. The Flight 93 National Memorial is pictured here on September 10, 2016 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. 1 / 7: DAVID MAXWELL/GETTY IMAGES President George W. Bush first hearing the news of the September 11 attacks President George W. Bush reacts as he's informed by his chief of staff, Andrew Card, of the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York. The president had been reading to a second grade class during an early morning visit to an elementary school in Sarasota, Florida on September 11, 2001. President George W Bush on September 11, 2001 As Dan Bartlett, deputy assistant to the president, points to news footage of the World Trade Center, President Bush gathers information about the terrorist attack. Also pictured in a classroom at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota are, from left: Deborah Loewer, director of White House Situation Room, and Senior Adviser Karl Rove.  Air Force One, September 11, 2001 U.S. Secret Service and Military Police go on high alert and double up security checks for all passengers boarding Air Force One 11 as President Bush departs Sarasota. Vice President Dick Cheney watching the news on the attacks on the World Trade Center, Septemper 11, 2001 Back at the White House, Vice President Dick Cheney watches the news of the attacks on the World Trade Center in his office before being led to the underground White House bunker. Vice President Cheney with Senior Staff in the President's Emergency Operations Center (PEOC) Vice President Cheney with senior staff in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center (PEOC), the Cold War-era bunker under the White House. President George W. Bush aboard Air Force One during the 9/11 Attacks, September 11, 2001 President Bush speaks to Vice President Cheney by phone aboard Air Force One on September 11, 2001 after departing Offutt Air Force Base in Sarpy County, Nebraska.  September 11, 2001 on Air Force One President Bush watches television coverage of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, from his office aboard Air Force One. September 11, 2001 on Air Force One President Bush talks on the telephone as senior staff huddle in his office aboard Air Force One. Not knowing how many more hijacked planes might be heading for the nation’s capital, the Secret Service decided it would be unsafe to take the president back to Washington.  George W. Bush aboard Air Force One on September 11, 2001 during the 9/11 Attacks President Bush and his staff look out the windows of Air Force One at their F-16 escort on September 11, 2001, while en route to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana. Initially, they weren't sure whether the approaching planes were hostile. Pictured from left are: Andy Card, White House chief of staff; Ari Fleischer, press secretary; Blake Gottesman, personal aide to the president; Karl Rove, senior adviser; Deborah Loewer, director of White House Situation Room, and Dan Bartlett, deputy assistant to the president. An F-16 escorts Air Force One, September 11, 2001 An F-16 escorts Air Force One from Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska back to the nation's capital on September 11, 2001.  1 / 10: PAUL J. RICHARDS/AFP/GETTY IMAGES 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This pair of women’s heels belonged to Fiduciary Trust employee Linda Raisch-Lopez, a survivor of the attacks on the World Trade Center. She began her evacuation from the 97th floor of the South Tower after seeing flames from the North Tower. She removed her shoes and carried them as she headed down the stairs, reaching the 67th floor when the South Tower was stuck by Flight 175. As she headed uptown to escape, she put her shoes back on, and they became bloody from her cut and blistered feet. She donated her shoes to the museum. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This American Airlines flight attendant wings lapel pin belonged to Karyn Ramsey, friend and colleague of 28-year-old Sara Elizabeth Low, who was working aboard Flight 11, which crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Following the memorial service for Sara, Karyn pinned her own service wing on Sara’s father, Mike Low. Mike Low would refer to the lapel pin as “Karyn’s wings.” Watch this video to learn more. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This pager, recovered from Ground Zero, belonged to Andrea Lyn Haberman. Haberman was from Chicago and was in New York City on September 11, 2001 for a meeting at Carr Futures offices, located on the 92nd floor of the North Tower. It was Haberman’s first time visiting New York; she was only 25 years old when she was killed in the attacks. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum On the morning of September 11, 55-year-old Robert Joseph Gschaar was working on the 92nd floor of the South Tower. At the time of the attack, he called his wife to let her know about the incident and reassured her that he would safely evacuate. Robert did not make it out of the tower alive. A year after the attacks his wallet and wedding ring were recovered.Inside his wallet was a $2 bill. Robert and his wife, Myrta, carried around $2 bills during there 11-year marriage to remind each other that they were two of a kind. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum On September 11, FDNY Squad 18 responded to the attacks on the Twin Towers. Among this unit was David Halderman, who was a firefighter just like his father and brother. His helmet was found crushed on September 12, 2001 and given to his brother, Michael, who believes his death was due to the the collapse of the tower and a strike to the head. David Halderman’s body was not recovered until October 25, 2001. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This I.D. card belonged to Abraham J. Zelmanowitz, an Empire BlueCross BlueShield computer programmer. On the morning of the attacks, he was working on the 27th floor of the North Tower, along with a wheelchair-bound friend, Edward Beyea. Zelmanowitz decided to stay behind to remain by his friend’s side as the rest of the company began to evacuate. Coworkers who evacuated informed professional emergency responders that the two were awaiting assistance inside.FDNY Captain William Francis Burke, Jr. arrived at the scene on the 27th floor as the South Tower began to collapse. Burke, with the same bravery as Zelmanowitz, sacrificed his life to help others by telling his team to evacuate to safety while he stayed behind to try and help Zelmanowitz and Beyea. The three men would only make it as far down as the 21st floor, making phone calls to loved ones before their deaths. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This gold link bracelet belonged to Yvette Nicole Moreno. Bronx native Yvette Nicole Moreno was working as a receptionist at Carr Futures on the 92nd floor of the North Tower, after recently being promoted from a temporary position. After the North Tower was hit, she called her mother to let her know she was heading home. However, on her way out of the office she was struck by debris from the South Tower, dying at the young age of 24. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This baseball cap belonged to 22-year veteran of the Port Authority Police Department, James Francis Lynch. At the time of the attacks, James was off duty and recovering from surgery, but felt the need to respond. He had previously responded to the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center. He died at the age of 47 that day, and his body was not recovered until December 7, 2001. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum This police badge belonged to John William Perry, a New York Police Department officer with the 40th Precinct and a N.Y. State Guard first lieutenant. He was another off-duty officer who responded to the attacks. He had plans to retire from the police force to pursue a career as a full-time lawyer. He was 38 years old. 9/11 Attacks Artifacts from the 9/11 Memorial Museum On March 30, 2002 a firefighter working at Ground Zero found a bible fused to a piece of metal. The bible was open to a page with fragments of legible text reading “an eye for an eye” and “resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.” Watch this video to learn more about the bible. 1 / 10: THE NATIONAL 9/11 MEMORIAL & MUSEUM Sources "Study Confirms 9/11 Impact on New York City Economy." The New York Times "September 11: nearly 10,000 people affected by 'cesspool of cancer.'" The Guardian. "Congress passes 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund extension championed by Jon Stewart." CNN.com The Encyclopedia of 9/11. New York Magazine. FAQ About 9/11. 9/11 Memorial. September 11th Terror Attacks Fast Facts. CNN. 9/11 Death Statistics. StatisticBrain.com. Timeline of the 21st century     Article     Talk     Read     View source     View history Tools Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of the 21st century" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) For other timelines of modern history, see Timelines of modern history. For future timelines, see Timelines of the future. Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries     20th century 21st century 22nd century Timelines     20th century 21st century 22nd century State leaders     20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades     2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s     2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments     vte This is a timeline of the 21st century. 2001–2009 2001     January 15: Wikipedia is launched.     January 20: George W. Bush is inaugurated as President of the United States.     January 26: An earthquake strikes Gujarat, India, on Republic Day, resulting in more than 20,000 deaths.     June 1: Eleven members of the royal family of Nepal, including the king and queen, are killed by Crown Prince Dipendra, who wounds himself and dies three days later.     September 11: September 11 attacks: Nineteen Al-Qaeda terrorists hijack four planes, crashing two into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the third plane into the Pentagon in Washington, DC, while the fourth plane is downed on the outskirts of Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. 2,996 people, including 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers, die in the attacks.     October 7 – December 17: The United States invades Afghanistan and topples the Taliban regime, resulting in a long-term war.     November 12: Crash of American Airlines Flight 587.     December 3: Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after a series of scandals.     December 11: China becomes a member of the World Trade Organization.     December 19: Movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is released.     December 19 – 20: During an economic crisis in Argentina, the government effectively freezes all bank accounts for twelve months which leads to riots and President de la Rúa's resignation from office. There are five "presidents" in less than a month.     The al-Aqsa Intifada continues.     The media magnate Silvio Berlusconi is elected Prime Minister of Italy. See also: 2001 § Deaths 2002     January 1: The Euro enters circulation.     February 3: Tom Brady leads the New England Patriots to win their first Super Bowl; during a nearly two decade span, they would appear in ten, winning seven.     February 6: Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II.     February 8: The Algerian Civil War ends.     February 27 – March 1: Riots and mass killings in the Indian state of Gujarat leave 1,044 dead.     March 14: SpaceX is founded by Elon Musk.     May 20: East Timor gains independence.     June 11: The first episode of American Idol airs on Fox.     July 1: The International Criminal Court is established.     July 9: The African Union is founded.     September 19: The First Ivorian Civil War begins.     September 23: Mozilla Firefox is released.     October 2 – 23: Beltway sniper attacks.     October 12: The 2002 Bali bombings killed 202 people and injured 209 more.     October 23 – 26: Chechen rebels seize a theater in Moscow. Amid this siege, around 200 people died.     November 16: The 2002-2004 SARS outbreak began in Guangdong.     December 18: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is released.     Switzerland joins the United Nations as the 190th member.     Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world.     2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff ends.     Israel starts Operation Defensive Shield in the West Bank in response to a wave of Palestinian suicide attacks.     Construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier begins.     America demands Iraq allow unfettered access to weapons inspectors.     The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is established.     Hu Jintao is elected as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. See also: 2002 § Deaths 2003     February 1: Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates upon reentry, killing all 7 astronauts on board.     February 20: The Station nightclub fire.     March 19: The United States invades Iraq and ousts Saddam Hussein, triggering worldwide protests and an 8 year war.     August 5: 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing kills 12 people.     August 27 – 29: The first six-party talks, involving South and North Korea, the United States, China, Japan and Russia.     November 3 – 23: The Rose Revolution occurs in Georgia.     November 17: Arnold Schwarzenegger becomes Governor of California.     December 17: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is released.     The War in Darfur begins.     The Human Genome Project is completed.     The Second Congo War ends with more than 5 million dead.     The Second Liberian Civil War ends.     The last Volkswagen Beetle is made in Mexico, after 65 years in production.     Final flight of the SST (Supersonic Transport) Concorde. See also: 2003 § Deaths 2004     February 4: Facebook is formed by Mark Zuckerberg, Andrew McCollum, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes.     February 27: The 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing kills 116 people.     March 11: Madrid train bombings killed 193 people and injured around 2,000, Europe's deadliest attack since Pan Am Flight 103.     June 5: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan.     September 1 – 3: On September 1st (first school day in Russia), a group of chechen terrorists held students, parents and teachers hostage in Beslan school, in North Ossetia–Alania. During three days under attack, 334 people died.     October 23 – 27: Boston Red Sox wins the World Series for the first time since 1918, ending the Curse of the Bambino.     November 11: President of the Palestinian National Authority Yasser Arafat dies.     November 7 – December 23: The Second Battle of Fallujah occurs. It is the deadliest American battle since Vietnam, killing 95 troops.     November 18 – Massachusetts becomes the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.     December 8: Union of South American Nations formed.     December 26: Boxing Day Tsunami occurs in Indian Ocean, leading to the deaths of 230,000.     NATO and the European Union incorporates most of the former Eastern Bloc.     Spirit and Opportunity land on Mars.     Orange Revolution in Ukraine.     First surface images of Saturn's moon Titan. See also: 2004 § Deaths 2005     January 9: Second Sudanese Civil War ends.     February 14:         2005 Valentine's Day bombings.         YouTube is founded by Jawed Karim, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen.     February 14 – April 27: Cedar Revolution in Lebanon triggered by the assassination of Rafic Hariri.     February 16: The Kyoto Protocol comes into effect.     March 22 – April 11: Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan.     April 2 – 19: Pope John Paul II dies, Benedict XVI becomes Pope.     April 9: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles.     June 13: Michael Jackson was acquitted on all charges related to the alleged sexual abuse of a 13-year-old boy.     June 23: Reddit is founded by Steve Huffman, Aaron Swartz and Alexis Ohanian.     July 7: 7/7 attacks on London Underground.     July 26 – 27: Floods in Maharashtra, India kill over a thousand people.     July 28: The Provisional Irish Republican Army ends its military campaign in Northern Ireland.     July 29: Michael E. Brown confirms Eris.     August 3: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad becomes President of Iran.     August 18: Peace Mission 2005, the first joint China–Russia military exercise, begins its eight-day training on the Shandong Peninsula.     August 29 – 31: Hurricane Katrina kills 1,836 people in the Gulf of Mexico.     September 29: John Roberts becomes Chief Justice of the United States.     September 30: Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, sparking outrage and violent riots by Muslims around the world.     October 8: 80,000 were killed in an earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan and Afghanistan.     November 22: Angela Merkel becomes Germany's first female Chancellor.     November 30: Surgeons in France carry out the first human face transplant with Isabelle Dinoire becoming the first person to undergo it.     Israel withdraws from Gaza.     Second Sudanese Civil War ends. See also: 2005 § Deaths 2006     January 16: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf becomes President of Liberia, and thus Africa's first elected female head of state.     January 25: Hamas wins the 2006 Palestinian legislative election.     February 17: 2006 Southern Leyte mudslide.     February 22: 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing turns the escalation of sectarian violence in Iraq into a full-scale war (the Iraqi Civil War of 2006-2008).     March 21: Twitter is launched.     April 23: Spotify is launched.     May 5: The first episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse airs on Disney Channel.     May 21 – June 3: Independence of Montenegro.     July 11: Mumbai bombings.     August 11: Guimaras oil spill.     September 1: Roblox was released by David Baszucki.     September 19: A coup d'état in Thailand overthrows the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.     October 9 – November 13: Google acquires YouTube for US$1.65 billion.     October 18: Murder of Altantuya Shaaribuu: The Mongolian model was murdered in Malaysia.     November 1: Former Russian security agent Alexander Litvinenko dies from poisoning in the UK.     November 21: Comprehensive Peace Accord ends the Nepalese Civil War.     December 26: Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford.     December 30: Execution of Saddam Hussein by hanging.     2006 Lebanon War.     Mexican Drug War begins.     Somalia War of 2006 begins.     The International Astronomical Union creates the first formal definition of a planet, and excludes Pluto from the list.     Nintendo launches the Wii.     The Baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct.     Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was abducted by Hamas. See also: 2006 § Deaths 2007     January 4: Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.     January 9: Introduction of the iPhone.     January 25: A civil war escalated in the Gaza Strip throughout June, which resulted in Hamas eventually driving most Fatah-loyal forces from the Strip. In reaction, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas dismissed Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh and dissolved the Hamas-ruled parliament.     March 4: First Ivorian Civil War ends.     August 15: Anti-government protests in Myanmar suppressed by ruling junta.     November 29: Manila Peninsula siege.     December 13: 27 EU member states sign the Treaty of Lisbon, with the treaty coming into effect on December 1, 2009.     December 27: Assassination of Benazir Bhutto.     Spike in food prices and subprime crisis help trigger global recession.     First Ivorian Civil War ends.     Crisis follows the Kenyan presidential election of 2007, leading to the formation of a coalition government. See also: 2007 § Deaths 2008 Tesla Roadster launched in 2008, the first mass production lithium-ion battery electric car.     May 2:         Cyclone Nargis kills 133,000 in Myanmar.         Iron Man is released in cinemas, which jump-starts the Marvel Cinematic Universe; the MCU becomes the highest-grossing film franchise of all time.     May 7: Dmitry Medvedev becomes President of Russia.     May 28: The 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly declares Nepal a republic, ending its monarchy.     June 20 – 21: Sinking of MV Princess of the Stars.     November 4: Barack Obama is elected to become the first black President of the United States.     November 26 – 29: 2008 Mumbai attacks.     Google Chrome is released.     The Gaza War begins.     2008 South Ossetia war.     Kosovo declares independence, though it is not recognised by the United Nations.     Iraqi forces crack down on Muqtada al Sadr's Mahdi forces in Basra and Sadr City.     The Large Hadron Collider is completed as the world's largest and most powerful particle collider.     Tesla Roadster launched, the first mass production lithium-ion battery electric car.     Stock markets plunge around the world, signaling the start of the Great Recession. See also: 2008 § Deaths 2009     January 3: The cryptocurrency Bitcoin is launched.     January 15: US Airways Flight 1549 ditches in the Hudson River in an accident that becomes known as the "Miracle on the Hudson", as all 155 people on board are rescued.     January 20: Barack Obama is inaugurated as President of the United States, the first African-American to hold the office.     June 16: Formation of BRICS economic bloc.     June 19: Zynga release FarmVille.     June 25: Death of Michael Jackson.     September 26: Typhoon Ketsana kills 789 people in the Philippines.     December 1: The Treaty of Lisbon comes into force.     December 18: Avatar is released in cinemas and becomes the highest-grossing film of all time.     The Gaza War ends while Gaza blockade continues.     The Sri Lankan Civil War ends.     Election protests begin in Iran.     The Second Chechen War ends.     Boko Haram rebellion begins in Nigeria.     2009 swine flu pandemic began in North America. See also: 2009 § Deaths 2010s 2010     January 12: A 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti kills 230,000.     February 18: 2010 Nigerien coup d'état.     March 29: 2010 Moscow Metro bombings.     April 10: The President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes in Smolensk.     April 20: The largest oil spill in US history occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.     May 11: After the 2010 United Kingdom general election, David Cameron becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.     May 31: Gaza flotilla raid.     June 11 – July 11: The FIFA World Cup is held in Africa for the first time.     July 22 – August 10: 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis.     August 23: Manila hostage crisis.     November 23: North Korea shells the island of Yeonpyeong.     A military crackdown occurs in Thailand.     The threat of Greece defaulting on its debts triggers the European sovereign debt crisis and Republic of Ireland's financial crisis.     Burmese political prisoner Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest.     Arab Spring starts.     Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010.     The Burj Khalifa in Dubai becomes the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).     Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female president of Brazil.     The iPad is introduced.     Instagram is launched.     2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull.     Julia Gillard is elected first woman Prime Minister of Australia. See also: 2010 § Deaths 2011     February 22: Christchurch earthquake kills 185 and injures 2,000.     March 11: A 9.0 earthquake in Japan triggers a tsunami and the meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant.     May 2: Osama bin Laden is shot dead by United States Navy SEALs in Pakistan.     July 9: Independence of South Sudan.     July 22: 2011 Norway attacks.     August 6 – 11: Riots flare across England.     October 20: Muammar Gaddafi is captured and killed during the Battle of Sirte.     November 18: Mojang released Minecraft.     World population reaches 7 billion.     Snapchat launched.     Arab Spring: revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya follow, as well as uprisings in Yemen and Bahrain, and protests in several other Arab countries.     Syrian civil war begins.     Second Ivorian Civil War.     Occupy movement inspires worldwide protests.     News International phone hacking scandal.     Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il.     The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge, the world's longest, opens in China.     Second Ivorian Civil War ends with the arrest of former president Laurent Gbagbo.     Iraq War ends.     Bombings occur in Russia and Somalia.     Floods in Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines kill roughly 2,500 people.     Space Shuttle program is officially ended.     NASA launches Juno spacecraft to Jupiter and the Curiosity rover to Mars.     Amazon Rainforest and River, Hạ Long Bay, Jeju Island, Iguazú Falls, Puerto Princesa Underground River, Komodo Island and Table Mountain were named as the world's New7Wonders of Nature. See also: 2011 § Deaths 2012     January 13: Costa Concordia disaster.     January 16 – May 29: Impeachment of Renato Corona.     February 26: Killing of Trayvon Martin: The 17-year-old African-American high school student was killed in Sanford, Florida.     April 12: King release Candy Crush Saga.     May 7: Vladimir Putin is elected president of Russia for the third time.     July 15: Gangnam Style, a K-pop song by South Korean rapper Psy is released and becomes the worldwide phenomenon due to recognition of Guinness World Records as the most "liked" video on YouTube at the time.     July 20: 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting.     September 11 – 12: 2012 Benghazi attack leads to the death of US ambassador J. Christopher Stevens.     October 9: Assassination attempt on Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai.     October 14:         Skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier without a vehicle.         FIGat7th, reopens the newly constructed center which was happened in the fall of 2012.[1]     October 22 – November 22: Hurricane Sandy causes $70 billion in damage and kills 233 people.     November 6: Barack Obama wins second term as President of the United States, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.     November 15: Xi Jinping is elected as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.     November 26 – December 8: UN Climate Change Conference agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020.     December 4 – 9: Typhoon Bopha kills over 1,600 in the Philippines.     December 14: Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.     The Higgs boson is discovered.     Conflict begins in the Central African Republic.     Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip.     The US rover, Curiosity, takes a selfie on Mars and finds evidence of an ancient streambed of water on the Red Planet.     Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.     The 2012 Summer Olympics was hosted in London, United Kingdom.     Park Geun-hye is elected President of South Korea.     Shenouda III, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, departs; Tawadros II succeeds him.     Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh steps down.     Northern Mali conflict, the MNLA declares Azawad an independent state. See also: 2012 § Deaths 2013     February 15: An undiscovered meteor strikes the Chelyabinsk oblast in Russia, with an airburst injuring thousands and damaging many buildings.     February 28 – March 13: Pope Benedict XVI resigns, the first Pope to do since 1415, and Pope Francis is elected, becoming the first Pope from Latin America.     March 5: Death and state funeral of Hugo Chavez.     April 24: The Rana Plaza collapses in Bangladesh.     May 22: British Army soldier Fusilier Lee Rigby of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers is murdered in Woolwich, southeast London by Islamic terrorists Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale.     July 3: President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is deposed by the military in a coup d'état.     July 22: Birth of Prince George of Wales.     August 21: A chemical attack in Ghouta, Syria is blamed on President Bashar al-Assad.     September 9 – 28: Zamboanga City crisis.     September 17: Rockstar Games release Grand Theft Auto V.     October 15: A 7.2 magnitude earthquake in Bohol, kills 222.     November 8: Typhoon Haiyan kills nearly 6,150 people in Vietnam and the Philippines.     November 21: The Euromaidan protest begins in Ukraine.     December 5: Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela.     The French military intervenes in the Northern Mali conflict.     Terrorist attacks occur in Boston and Nairobi.     Edward Snowden releases classified documents concerning mass surveillance by the NSA.     Croatia becomes a member of the European Union.     Conflict begins in South Sudan.     Uruguay becomes the first country to fully legalize cannabis.     End of 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis.     Kiss nightclub fire.     2013 Alberta floods.     2013 Lahad Datu standoff.     Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident.     Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher. See also: 2013 § Deaths 2014     February: Euromaidan protest in Ukraine sparks a revolution and the overthrow of Viktor Yanukovych, leading to Russia's annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas.     March 8: Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappears from radar while en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur. There were 239 people on board.     April 16: The MV Sewol sinks, killing 304 of 476 passengers, 250 of which were students at Danwon High School.     May 22: A coup d'état in Thailand overthrows the caretaker government.     June 19: King Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicates; his son becomes King Felipe VI.     August 9: The shooting of African-American teenager Michael Brown by police leads to violent unrest in Ferguson, Missouri.     November 12: The Rosetta spacecraft's Philae probe becomes the first to successfully land on a comet.     December 16: Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan kill over 130 students in Pakistan.     The worst Ebola epidemic in recorded history occurs in West Africa, infecting nearly 30,000 people and resulting in the deaths of 11,000+.     The Yemeni Civil War begins after the Houthi takeover in Yemen.     Uyghur genocide in Xinjiang begins.     Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 crashes into the Java Sea, while Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 is shot down over Ukraine and Air Algérie Flight 5017 is downed in Mali.     Israel launches an assault on the Gaza Strip in response to tit-for-tat murder-kidnappings, leading to the deaths of 71 Israelis and 2,100 Palestinians.     ISIS begins its offensive in northern Iraq, leading to intervention in Iraq and Syria by a US-led coalition.     Second Libyan Civil War begins.     Narendra Modi is elected as the Prime Minister of India.     Joko Widodo is elected President of Indonesia.     Yeonmi Park delivers an emotional speech at the 2014 One Young World Summit.     Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, La Paz and Vigan were chosen as the world's New7Wonders Cities. See also: 2014 § Deaths 2015     January 1: Five former Soviet Union countries form the Eurasian Economic Union.     January 3 – 7: Boko Haram perpetrates a massacre of over 2,000 people in Baga, Nigeria, and allies itself with ISIL.     January 25: Mamasapano clash.     April 2: Al-Shabaab perpetrates a mass shooting in Kenya, killing 148.     April 25 – May 3: The death of an African-American man, Freddie Gray by police leads to violent unrest in Baltimore, Maryland.     May 3: Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao.     May 13: Kentex slipper factory fire.     July 14: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement reached, setting limits to Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.     September 28: The first episode of FPJ's Ang Probinsyano airs on ABS-CBN.     September 30: Russia begins air strikes against ISIL and anti-government forces in Syria     November 30 – December 12: 195 nations agree to lower carbon emissions by negotiating the Paris agreement.     A series of terrorist attacks occur in Paris.     A series of earthquakes in the Himalayas kills over 10,000 people.     The heads of China and Taiwan meet for the first time, while the United States and Cuba reestablish full diplomatic relations.     Liquid water is found on Mars.     First close-up images of Ceres and Pluto.     China announces the end of One-child policy after 35 years.     European migrant crisis.     The Supreme Court of the United States determines that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry.     Homo naledi, a species of early human, is discovered in Africa.     Crash of Germanwings Flight 9525.     Volkswagen emissions scandal.     Charleston church shooting.     Assassination of Boris Nemtsov.     2015 FIFA corruption case. See also: 2015 § Deaths 2016     January 8: El Chapo is recaptured following his escape from a high-security prison in Mexico.     February 11: Detection of gravitational waves by LIGO confirmed.     March 20: Barack Obama becomes the first U.S. president to visit Cuba since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.     April 3: Panama Papers, a leak of legal documents, reveals information of 214,888 offshore companies.     April 13: The Golden State Warriors set the NBA single-season victory mark by notching their 73rd win in the season's final game. The Warriors finished the regular-season with a 73–9 record.     May 9: Rodrigo Duterte becomes President of the Philippines, and initiates a controversial drug war.     June 1: The Gotthard Base Tunnel, the world's longest and deepest railway tunnel, is completed.     June 12: A shooter kills 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida.     June 23 – July 13: The people of the United Kingdom vote to leave the European Union; David Cameron resigns as a result, and Theresa May succeeds him as the second female Prime Minister of the UK.     July 4: Juno enters orbit into Jupiter.     September 4: Mother Teresa is officially canonized by Pope Francis.     October 25 – November 2: Chicago Cubs wins the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the Curse of the Billy Goat.     November 4: The Paris Agreement, signed by 195 nations to fight global warming, formally goes into effect.     November 8: Donald Trump wins the 2016 presidential election, in an upset against Hillary Clinton, the first female to be nominated for a major party.     The United Nations lifts sanctions from Iran in recognition of the dismantling of its nuclear program.     Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign the Ecumenical Declaration.     ISIL claims responsibility for a series of bombings in Brussels, a massacre at Istanbul's Atatürk Airport and car ramming attacks in Nice.     Augmented-reality game, Pokémon Go, is released, breaking records in revenue, and becoming the best-selling mobile game.     The Colombian government signs a peace deal with FARC to end the Colombian conflict, despite narrowly losing a referendum.     The government of Turkey begins a series of purges in reaction to a failed coup d'état attempt.     The 2016 Summer Olympics take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.     United States troops withdraw from Afghanistan after 15 years.     The President of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, is impeached.     Vajiralongkorn becomes King of Thailand.     Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, is assassinated at an art exhibition in Ankara.     Tsai Ing-wen is elected as the first female President of Taiwan.     2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran.     2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash.     Radovan Karadžić found guilty of 10 of 11 counts of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity and is sentenced to 40 years in prison.     Dhaka attack kills 29 people.     A third set of locks in the Panama Canal opens for commercial traffic.     2016 Southern Taiwan earthquake.     An outbreak of the Zika virus is linked to a cluster of cases of microcephaly.     Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro.     TikTok is launched. See also: 2016 § Deaths 2017     January 20: Donald Trump is inaugurated as President of the United States.     January 21: Millions of people participated in the Women's March, as a response to the inauguration of Donald Trump.     February 13: Kim Jong-nam, the half-brother of Kim Jong-Un, is assassinated in Kuala Lumpur.     May 13: Pope Francis canonizes Jacinta and Francisco Marto, two of the three Fátima children who reported seeing the Virgin Mary in the spring and summer of 1917.     May 22: A terrorist bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England kills 22 people and injures over 140.     July 4: Russia and China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile.[2][3]     August 21: A solar eclipse passes throughout the contiguous United States for the first time since 1918.     September: Two earthquakes strike Mexico on September 8 and September 19, killing over 400 people.     October 14: A bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia on October 14, kills 587 people and injures 316. It is one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in modern history.     October 28: 'Oumuamua, the first known interstellar object, is identified.     Tensions between North Korea and the UN escalate as the country tests a hydrogen bomb and conducts a series of ballistic missile tests. The UN responds with a wave of export sanctions.     Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launch simultaneous attacks in Tehran, destroy the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul Iraq, and kill 311 in Egypt, but are declared defeated in Iraq by the end of the year.     2017–18 North Korea crisis begins as North Korea conducts a series of missile and nuclear tests that demonstrate its ability to launch ballistic missiles beyond its immediate region.     A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar is declared ethnic cleansing by the UNHCR.     This year's Atlantic Hurricane season features Hurricane Harvey, which kills 107 and becomes the costliest hurricane in US history, as well as Hurricane Irma, killing 134, and Hurricane Maria, killing 3,059.     Robert Mugabe is ousted in a coup d'état, while Ratko Mladić is declared guilty of genocide.     Allegations of sexual abuse against film producer Harvey Weinstein lead to a wave of similar accusations from within Hollywood and other areas of primarily the English-speaking world.     Grenfell Tower fire in London kills 72 and injures 70.     Emmanuel Macron becomes President of France after defeating far-right candidate Marine Le Pen. See also: 2017 § Deaths 2018     March 24: March for Our Lives occurs in 900 locations worldwide in response to the 14 February Parkland shooting.     June 12: The first summit between the US and North Korea and the first ever crossing of the Korean Demilitarized Zone by a North Korean leader occur.     June 24: Saudi Arabia allows women to drive.     October 2: Exiled Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi is assassinated inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, triggering a diplomatic crisis for Saudi Arabia.     November 25: Kerch Strait incident triggers martial law in Ukraine.     Turkey invades northern Syria, while 70 die in a chemical attack, triggering a missile strike against Bashar al-Assad.     Pakatan Harapan becomes the first opposition party to assume power in Malaysia since independence.     Twenty-year Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict formally ends.     Yellow vests movement becomes France's largest sustained period of civil unrest since 1968.     The Sunda strait tsunami kills 426 and injures 14,000 and the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami kills 4,340 and injures 10,700.     Macedonia and Greece reach a historic agreement in the Macedonia naming dispute, in which the former is renamed in 2019 to the 'Republic of North Macedonia'.     Saudi Arabia allows women to drive.     China's National People's Congress votes to abolish presidential term limits, allowing Xi Jinping to rule for life. Xi is also the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the highest position without term limits.     China–United States trade war begins.     2018 Armenian revolution occurs.     First post-ISIS election in Iraq.     Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush     Leaders from more than 40 international organizations and dignitaries from nearly 200 countries attends the centennial of the ending of the First World War.     The Trump administration reimposes sanctions against Iran.     The first monkeys are cloned, and first genetically modified humans reported, in China.     Jacob Zuma resigns as President of South Africa; Cyril Ramaphosa becomes President.     Four people are poisoned, one to death, in Salisbury and Amesbury, England in a suspected Russian assassination attempt. The British government responds by leading the international expulsion of 153 Russian diplomats.     The northern white rhinoceros becomes functionally extinct. See also: 2018 § Deaths 2019     January 3: Chang'e 4 becomes the first object to land on the far side of the Moon.     January 25: Establishment of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.     January – June: A series of suicide bombings occurred in Sulu.     April 10:         The Event Horizon Telescope takes the first ever image of a black hole, at the core of galaxy Messier 87.         Fossil fragments found in the Callao Cave in the Philippines reveal the existence of the Homo luzonensis species of humans.     April 15: A major fire engulfs Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, resulting in the roof and main spire collapsing.     April 30: Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicates from his throne, the first abdication by a Japanese monarch in almost two centuries. The abdication ends the Heisei era of Japan and ushers in the Reiwa era with new emperor Naruhito ascending the throne on May 1.     August 5: India revokes the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.     August 20: The June 1993 rape and murder case of Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez is reopened due to the controversial impending release of former Calauan mayor Antonio Sanchez.     September 18: PMA Cadet 4th class Darwin Dormitorio was killed as a result of hazing inside the campus at the hands of his fellow cadets.     October 18: NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch conduct the first all-female spacewalk outside of the ISS.     December 15: A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in Davao del Sur, kills 13 people.     December 18: U.S. President Donald Trump is impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.     December 19: The Ampatuan brothers and 26 co-accused are convicted for the Maguindanao massacre case.     December 24: 20 people are killed and thousands are left homeless by Typhoon Phanfone in the Philippines.     New Horizons takes the first close up image of a classical kuiper belt object.     Christchurch mosque shootings kill 51 people, while a suicide bombing in Iran kills 41, and a series of bomb attacks in Sri Lanka kills 250.     The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant loses the last of its territory.     Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns as President of Algeria, while Omar al-Bashir is deposed as President of Sudan in a coup d'état amid widespread protests in both countries.     Victor Vescovo breaks the human depth record, reaching 10,928 m in the Challenger Deep.     Protests begin in Hong Kong over an extradition bill.     Wildfires spike in Brazil, while Australia endures the most widespread brush fires in its history.     Avengers: Endgame was released in theaters, breaking many box-office records, including becoming the highest-grossing movies of all time.     Isabelle Holdaway is the first patient to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection.     Pope Francis abolishes pontifical secrecy in sex abuse cases.     The 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic begins in Southeast Asia.     Jair Bolsonaro becomes President of Brazil.     Protests erupt in Bolivia and Venezuela over disputed elections.     Nursultan Nazarbayev resigns as President of Kazakhstan. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev assumes power. Astana is renamed Nur-Sultan in his honor.     The EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market is passed over intense opposition.     Volodymyr Zelenskyy becomes President of Ukraine.     Bashar al Assad launches multiple offensives in Northwestern Syria; Turkey launches an offensive into northeastern Syria.     More than a hundred people are killed after police and Janjaweed attack protesters in Sudan.     The United States blames attacks on ships in the Gulf of Oman on Iran, escalating tensions in the Persian Gulf.     Kyriakos Mitsotakis becomes Prime Minister of Greece.     Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and attempts a prorogation of Parliament that is ultimately declared unlawful.     Barisha raid ends in the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.     A 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Albania, kills 51 people.     Greta Thunberg delivers "How dare you" speech at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit.     The U.S. Justice Department charges Chinese tech firm Huawei with multiple counts of fraud.     WikiLeaks co-founder Julian Assange is arrested in London.     More than 50 prisoners are killed in a series of riots in Amazonas, Brazil.     A trilateral gathering was held at the Panmunjom Truce Village between South Korean President Moon Jae-in, North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un and United States President Donald Trump.     Ursula von der Leyen becomes President of the European Commission.     Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán found guilty of drug trafficking, money laundering and murder and is sentenced to 30 years in prison.     Japan and South Korea trade dispute.     Sahar Khodayari dies after setting herself on fire after being arrested for attending a soccer game in Iran.     Twelve Catalan independence movement leaders found guilty of sedition and misuse of public funds and they were sentenced to 9 to 13 years in prison.     Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is indicted on charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust.     Sanna Marin becomes Prime Minister of Finland. See also: 2019 § Deaths 2020s 2020     January 3: Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani is targeted and killed at Baghdad International Airport.     January 8: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 is shot down by Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) shortly after taking off from Tehran, killing all 176 on board.     January 16 – February 5: Donald Trump is acquitted by the United States Senate in his first impeachment trial.     January 31: The United Kingdom formally withdraws from the European Union.     February 9: Bong Joon-ho's Parasite becomes the first South Korean film to receive Academy Award recognitions at the 92nd Academy Awards.     May:         Cyclone Amphan becomes the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean.         Protests in Belarus against the Alexander Lukashenko regime begin.     May 25: The murder of George Floyd sparks protests across the United States and the world.     May 30: Crewed spaceflight resumes in the United States for the first time since 2011.     June 16: North Korea demolishes the Inter-Korean Liaison Office in Kaesong, established in 2018 to improve relations.     June 30: China's National People's Congress grants itself sweeping powers to curtail civil liberties in Hong Kong.     July 9: Protests begin in Bulgaria against the government of Boyko Borisov.     July 10: Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it into a museum.     July 30: NASA successfully launches its Mars 2020 rover mission to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for return to Earth.     August 1: The Barakah nuclear power plant in the UAE becomes operational following delays since 2017.     August 4: An explosion caused by unsafely stored ammonium nitrate kills at least 218 people, injures thousands, and severely damages the port in Beirut, Lebanon.     August 19: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon convicts in absentia Salim Ayyash, a senior member of Hezbollah, for the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.     August 25: Africa is declared free of wild polio, the second virus to be eradicated from the continent since smallpox 40 years previously.     August 26: Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos becomes the first person in history to have a net worth exceeding US$200 billion, according to Forbes.     September 3: The skeletons of 200 mammoths and 30 other animals are unearthed at a construction site for the Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport.     September 4:         Pope Benedict XVI becomes the longest-lived pope at 93 years, four months, and 16 days, surpassing Pope Leo XIII, who died in 1903.         The La Línea highway tunnel, the longest road tunnel in South America at a length of 8.65 kilometres (5.37 mi), is opened in Colombia after 14 years of construction and several delays.     September 14:         The Royal Astronomical Society announces the detection of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere, which is known to be a strong predictor for the presence of microbial life.         The first discovery of the perfectly preserved remains of a cave bear, believed to be 22,000 to 39,500 years old (Late Pleistocene), is made in Lyakhovsky Islands, Siberia in the thawing permafrost.     September 16:         A United Nations Human Rights Council fact-finding mission formally accuses the Venezuelan government of crimes against humanity, including cases of killings, torture, violence against political opposition and disappearances since 2014.         Yoshihide Suga becomes the Prime Minister of Japan, replacing Shinzo Abe.     September 17: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea.     September 27 – November 10: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.     October 15: President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigns from office after weeks of massive protests in the wake of the October 2020 parliamentary election.     October 20: NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft briefly touches down on Bennu, becoming the agency's first probe to retrieve samples from an asteroid, with its cargo due for return to Earth in 2023.     October 22: The Geneva Consensus Declaration on Promoting Women's Health and Strengthening the Family is signed by government representatives from 34 countries.     October 23: At the end of an 11-year demining process, the Falkland Islands are declared free of land mines, 38 years after the end of the 1982 war.     November 3: The 2020 United States presidential election occurs. Despite the pandemic, early voting and other factors result in the highest voter turnout since 1900, and a record of over 155 million votes cast. Although Joe Biden is declared the winner on November 7, Donald Trump leads an unprecedented effort to prevent official recognition of his defeat, culminating on January 6 the next year.     November 3: The Tigray War begins in Ethiopia.     November 10: Apple releases the first Mac computers (a new MacBook Air, Mac mini and MacBook Pro) powered by Apple silicon chips.     November 11: Typhoon Vamco lashes into Luzon, leaving 111 people dead.     November 15: The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population.     November 19: The Brereton Report into Australian war crimes during the War in Afghanistan is released.     November 27: Iran's top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, is assassinated near Tehran.     November 30: Protein folding, one of the biggest mysteries in biology, is solved by AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence algorithm developed by DeepMind.     December 1: The Arecibo Telescope of the Arecibo Observatory collapses, just weeks after the announcement of its planned demolition.     December 2: The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs votes to remove cannabis from a list of dangerous drugs in recognition of its medical value, although some controls will remain.     December 8: Nepal and China officially agree on Mount Everest's actual height, which is 8,848.86m.     December 18: Media outlets report that astronomers have detected a radio signal, BLC1, apparently from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun.     December 21: A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623.     The COVID-19 pandemic, which began spreading late in the prior year, spreads from China to the vast majority of the world's inhabited areas, infecting at least 81 million and killing at least 1.8 million people in its first year.     Fears of COVID-19 cause the Dow Jones Industrial Average to fall ten percent in one week, its largest drop in history, triggering the COVID-19 Recession, the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression.     The United States signs a tentative peace agreement with the Taliban.     Silurian millipede Kampecaris obanensis, the oldest known land animal, is discovered in Scotland.     China and India engage in border skirmishes, the largest escalation between the two powers in 50 years.     China launches Chang'e 5 and becomes the third country after the United States and the Soviet Union to return samples of the moon.     K-pop band BTS becomes the worldwide phenomenon due to the record setters of their music and influence on social media. See also: 2020 § Deaths 2021     January 1: The African Continental Free Trade Area comes into effect.     January 4: The border between Qatar and Saudi Arabia reopens.[4]     January 6: Supporters of President Donald Trump, gathered after a rally led by him, attack the United States capitol, leading to five deaths.     January 10: Kim Jong-un is elected as the General Secretary of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea, inheriting the title from his father Kim Jong-il, who died in 2011.     January 13: In Lyon, France, the first transplant of both arms and shoulders is performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital.     January 13 – February 13: Donald Trump is impeached for a second time following the events of January 6, though he is acquitted again after his trial from February 9–13.     January 15: Wikipedia's 20th anniversary was noted in the media.[5][6][7][8]     January 20: Joe Biden is inaugurated as President of the United States. Kamala Harris, sworn in as vice president, becomes the first woman, first African American and first Asian American to be vice president.     January 22: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, the first legally binding international agreement comprehensively to prohibit nuclear weapons, comes into effect.     February 13 – 17: Winter Storm Uri becomes the costliest winter storm in North American history, costing $200 billion and 237 lives, and triggering the 2021 Texas power crisis.     February 18: NASA's Mars 2020 mission (containing the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter drone) lands on Mars at Jezero Crater, after seven months of travel.     February 22: Luca Attanasio, the Italian Ambassador to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is murdered near Goma.     March 6: Pope Francis meets with Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in Najaf, Iraq. It is the first-ever meeting between a pope and a grand ayatollah.     March 18: Spanish Congress of Deputies passes the euthanasia law.[9]     March 19: North Korea severs diplomatic ties with Malaysia due to a Malaysian court's ruling that a North Korean citizen could be extradited to the United States to face money-laundering charges.     March 20: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces his country's withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention, the first country to do so.     March 21: Clashes in Apure between Colombian FARC dissidents and the Venezuelan Armed Forces cause at least six casualties, as well as displacing 4,000 Venezuelans.     March 23 – 29: The container ship Ever Given obstructs the Suez Canal for six days, costing an estimated $3.6 billion in global trade.     April 9: Buckingham Palace announces the death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and husband of the Queen, at the age of 99.     April 13: Japan's government approves the dumping of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean over the course of 30 years, with full support of the International Atomic Energy Agency.     April 15: Scientists announce they successfully injected human stem cells into the embryos of monkeys, creating chimera-embryos.     April 19:         Ingenuity becomes the first vehicle to fly in the atmosphere of another planet.         Miguel Díaz-Canel becomes First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, replacing the Castro brothers, Fidel and Raúl, after 62 years.     April 20:         Idriss Déby, President of Chad, is killed in clashes with rebel forces after 30 years in office.         Derek Chauvin is found guilty on all counts and sentenced to 22.5 years in prison for the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020.     April 22: World leaders mark Earth Day by hosting a virtual summit on climate change, during which more ambitious targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions are proposed, including a 40% cut by 2030 for the United States.     April 24: Following an international search and rescue effort, the Indonesian navy reports the sinking of KRI Nanggala with 53 crew members, the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since 2003.     April 28 – May 1: A border clash between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan leads to 55 deaths.     May 6 – 21: Hundreds die in conflicts after Israel evicts six Palestinian families from East Jerusalem.     May 23: Ryanair Flight 4978 is forced to land by Belarusian authorities to detain dissident journalist Roman Protasevich.     June 7: The Juno spacecraft performs its only flyby of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the first flyby of the moon by any spacecraft in over 20 years.     June 9: The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador passes legislation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender in the country, becoming the first country to adopt the cryptocurrency alongside the U.S. dollar.     June 19: Joe Biden signed Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, that made Juneteenth a federal holiday. Since then, it is first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day.[10][11]     July 7: Haitian President Jovenel Moïse, is assassinated in a midnight attack by unknown mercenaries.     July 11: Thousands of Cubans, most of them young, attend a rare anti-government protest in San Antonio de los Baños to protest the increased food and medicine shortages brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.     July 18: An international investigation reveals that spyware sold by Israel's NSO Group to different governments is being used to target heads of state, along with thousands of activists, journalists and dissidents around the world.     July 19: Blue Origin successfully conducts its first human test flight, with a reusable New Shepard rocket delivering four crew members into space including its founder Jeff Bezos.     July 28: The first direct observation of light from behind a black hole is reported, confirming Einstein's theory of general relativity.     August 9: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases the first part of its Sixth Assessment Report, which concludes that the effects of human-caused climate change are now "widespread, rapid, and intensifying".     August 14: An earthquake in Haiti kills over 2,000 people.     August 15: Kabul falls following the 2021 Taliban offensive, as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapses de facto, and the country is governed thereafter by the Taliban as the reinstated Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The War in Afghanistan thus ends after 20 years following the withdrawal of U.S. and coalition troops.     August 30: The UN Environment Programme announces that leaded petrol in road vehicles has been phased out globally, a hundred years after its introduction.     September 7: El Salvador becomes the first country in the world to accept Bitcoin as an official currency.     September 13: Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob and Anwar Ibrahim, the leader of the main Malaysian opposition coalition Pakatan Harapan, sign a confidence and supply agreement ending the 18-month political crisis that has led to the fall of two successive governments in Malaysia.     September 14: North Korea demonstrates two short-range ballistic missiles that land just outside Japan's territorial waters; and then only hours later South Korea demonstrates its first submarine-launched ballistic missile.     September 15: A trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States is formed, to counter the influence of China. This includes enabling Australia to build its first nuclear-powered submarine fleet.     September 16: Inspiration4, launched by SpaceX, becomes the first all-civilian spaceflight, carrying a four-person crew on a three-day orbit of the Earth.     October 3: The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and assorted media partners publish a set of 11.9 million documents leaked from 14 financial services companies known as the Pandora Papers, revealing offshore financial activities that involve multiple current and former world leaders.     October 4: Fumio Kishida becomes the 100th Prime Minister of Japan, succeeding Yoshihide Suga.     October 6: The World Health Organization endorses the first malaria vaccine.     October 8: Journalists Maria Ressa of the Philippines and Dmitry Muratov of Russia are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.     October 23: Colombia's most wanted drug lord, Dario Antonio Úsuga, whose Gulf Clan controls many smuggling routes into the US and other countries, is captured by Colombia's armed forces.     November 11: SpaceX launches the Crew-3 mission, carrying four Expedition 66 crew members to the International Space Station.     November 16: Russia draws international condemnation following an anti-satellite weapon test that creates a cloud of space debris, threatening the International Space Station.     November 30: Barbados becomes a republic on its 55th anniversary of independence while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.     December 16–18: Typhoon Rai lashes into Philippines, leaving 409 people dead.     December 19: Gabriel Boric is elected as President of Chile.     The COVID-19 pandemic continues, infecting more than 220 million and killing at least 3.6 million people in its second year. The true totals of infected and dead are estimated to be much higher.     Coups d'état occur in Myanmar, Mali and Guinea.     Russia begins a military buildup on the Ukrainian border, warning NATO not to intervene.     197 nations sign the Glasgow Climate Pact, agreeing to limit the use of coal, and the Netherlands legally mandates Royal Dutch Shell to comply with the Paris Agreement.     P-pop superstars MNL48, SB19, BGYO, ALAMAT and BINI becomes the worldwide phenomenon due to their record setters on music and influence on social media. See also: 2021 § Deaths 2022     January – September: Coups d'état in Burkina Faso.     January 2: Bloody January in Kazakhstan.     January 4: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States—all five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—issue a rare joint statement affirming that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."[12]     January 15: The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami is the largest and most powerful volcanic eruption in decades, and the largest explosion ever recorded by modern instruments.     February 4–20: The 2022 Winter Olympics are held in Beijing, China, making it the first city ever to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.[13]     February 24: Russia invades Ukraine, escalating the Russo-Ukrainian War, causing a refugee crisis and tens of thousands of deaths on both sides.     March 20: WHL0137-LS "Earendel" imaged by Hubble Space Telescope, the earliest and most distant known star.     March 15 – November 14: Sri Lankan protests.     April 9 – 12: Tropical Storm Megi lashes into Luzon and Visayas, leaving 214 people dead.     April 14: Elon Musk purchases Twitter.     April 19: Kane Tanaka, the second oldest verified person to have ever lived, dies at the age of 119.     May 6: Monkeypox outbreak.     May 12: Sagittarius A*, supermassive black hole at Galactic Center, imaged by Event Horizon Telescope.     June 12 – September 12: Heat waves in Europe kill tens of thousands.     June 22:     Earthquake in Afghanistan.     June 24: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.     June 30: Ketanji Brown Jackson becomes the first black woman on the Supreme Court.     July – October: United Kingdom government crises     July: Oder environmental disaster.     July 8: Assassination of Shinzo Abe.     July 11: James Webb Space Telescope takes Webb's First Deep Field, oldest and highest resolution image of the universe to date.     July 22: Chinese paddlefish declared extinct.     August 4: China conducts its largest ever military exercise around Taiwan in response to a controversial visit by Nancy Pelosi.     August 24: "Man of the Hole", reclusive indigenous Brazilian and last of his ethnicity, dies.     August 28: Floods in Pakistan.     August 31: UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang.     September 8: Elizabeth II dies at the age of 96, and is succeeded by Charles III.     September 16: Mahsa Amini protests.     September 25: Eliud Kipchoge sets marathon world record at Berlin.     September 26: Double Asteroid Redirection Test demonstrates capabilities on asteroid (65803) Didymos I Dimorphos.     September 27–30: Hurricane Ian impacts Cuba and the United States, causing catastrophic damage to both nations, killing at least 157 people, 16 missing, and leaving millions without power, including the entire nation of Cuba.     October 22: Giorgia Meloni becomes Prime Minister of Italy.     October 29:         Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae lashes throughout the Philippines, leaving 160 people dead.         At least 158 people are killed and another 197 injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea.     October 30: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected President of Brazil.     November 2: Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement.     November 11: The FTX cryptocurrency exchange files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.     November 15: The world population is estimated to have reached 8 billion.     November 16: NASA launches Artemis 1, the first uncrewed mission of its Space Launch System, the most powerful rocket ever to reach orbit.     November 26: COVID-19 protests in China.     November 30: OpenAI launched ChatGPT, an AI chatbot     December 7: Self-coup attempt, impeachment and arrest of Pedro Castillo sparks protests in Peru.     December 9: Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament.     December 13:         National Ignition Facility achieves first fusion ignition.         President Biden signs the Respect for Marriage Act, which federally protects same-sex and interracial marriages by requiring states to recognize each others' marriage standards.     December 21–26: 91 people were killed after major winter storm hits the northern United States and southern Canada.     December 31: Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, who served from 2005 until his resignation in 2013, dies at the age of 95.     Pakistani constitutional crisis and attempted assassination of Imran Khan.     The COVID-19 pandemic infects at least 360 million and kills at least 1.3 million in its third year. The deployment of vaccines worldwide continues from the previous year, and the pandemic does not dominate headlines or the course of the year's events to the same extent it did for the previous two years. See also: 2022 § Deaths 2023 For the current year, see 2023 and 2023 in politics and government. See also     Timeline of the 20th century     Timelines of the future References "City Target Opens Next Week, Sprinkles and the Melt Sign on at FIGat7th in Downtown LA | DTLA RISING". 5 October 2012. "North Korea missile test: Russia and China urge freeze in launches". BBC News. July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. "North Korea tests missile it claims can reach 'anywhere in the world'". CNN. July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Salem, Mostafa; Alam, Hande Atay (5 January 2021). "Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree to reopen airspace and maritime borders". CNN. Kelly, Heather (January 15, 2021). "Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online". Washington Post. "The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades" Kent, German (January 15, 2021). "In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever". CNET. "Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable." "World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia" (Audio). Deutsche Welle. "The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the Oxford Internet Institute about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis and the website's future." Wales, Jimmy (January 14, 2021). "As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers" – via Yahoo!. "Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site" Benito, Emilio de (2021-03-18). "España aprueba la ley de eutanasia y se convierte en el quinto país del mundo en regularla". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-09-12. "Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking end of slavery, a federal holiday". ABC News. Retrieved 2022-06-19. "Remarks by President Biden at Signing of the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act". The White House. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2022-06-19. "'No one can win a nuclear war': Superpowers release rare joint statement". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.     "2022 Olympics - Next Winter Olympic Games | Beijing 2022". International Olympic Committee. May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.     vte History of 21st century     Timeline Decades     2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Topics     Art Christianity Literature Music         classical Philosophy Science Lists     State leaders Earthquakes Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses Volcanic eruptions     Category     vte 2020s articles Overviews History     Overview 2020s in political history         Africa Europe Electoral data 2020s in military history 2020s in economic history 2020s in environmental history 2020s in science and technology 2020s in social history Timeline of the 21st century Lists     List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts World history Events     COVID-19 pandemic Portal:COVID-19 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Treaty descheduling of cannabis Russian invasion of Ukraine Govt     UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size Years General     2020 2021 2022 2023 By topic: Govt:         2020 2021 2022 2023 Science:         2020 2021 2022 2023 Arts:         2020 2021 2022 2023 Sports:         2020 2021 2022 2023 Categories     Lists Timelines By year Categories Historical     2020s By country Economics Politics Women's history Trends Topical     Technology         Transport Computing Science Health Arts and culture         Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Sports         Wrestling Portal:Current events     vte Overviews of the 2020s Political     World Europe United States United Kingdom Culture     Film Music Fashion Video games Societal     Society Economy Science     Science and technology         Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Policy studies Environment Spaceflight Related     Year in topic List of timelines     vte 2020s in political history     2020s in military history 2020s in economic history 2020s in environmental history 2020s in science and technology 2020s in climate history 2020s in social history     Timeline of the 21st century List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts World Topics     COVID-19 pandemic Portal:COVID-19 2020 stock market crash Paris Agreement Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Treaty descheduling of cannabis Govts     UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size North America Topics     George Floyd protests 2020–2022 United States racial unrest Govts     US Govt         2020 presidential election Trump presidency Biden presidency 2020 2021 timeline Canada South America Issues     Crisis in Venezuela Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America COVID-19 pandemic in South America Govts     Brazil Peru         1 2 Europe Topics     Brexit Russo-Ukrainian War         Outline Govts     United Kingdom France Germany         1 2 Italy Russia Republic of Ireland         1a 1b Belgium         1 2 Asia Topics     Uyghur genocide         Xinjiang internment camps COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes Govts     Chinese Communist Party         Government North Korea Japan         1 2 India Indonesia         President 1 2 Pakistan:         1 2 Middle East and North Africa Topics     Middle East economic integration Syrian civil war Second Libyan Civil War Yemeni Civil War Israeli political crisis Iraqi protests Abraham Accords Govts     Egypt Saudi Arabia Israel         1a 1b 2 3 Sub-Saharan Africa Topics     African Continental Free Trade Area Nigeria Vision 2020 2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy Govts     Somalia South Sudan Sudan Ethiopia Eritrea Nigeria Australia and Oceania Topics     Pacific Islands Forum Pacific Community Govts     Australia Years Topical     Science Art World Trade Center (1973–2001) Article Talk Read View source View history Tools This is a good article. Click here for more information.   Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks. For the current building complex, see World Trade Center (2001–present). For the 2006 film, see World Trade Center (film). World Trade Center World Trade Center (WTC) aerial view from helicopter (2000-08-18) (cropped).jpg The original complex in August 2000. The tower on the right, with antenna spire, was 1 WTC. The tower on the left was 2 WTC. All seven buildings of the WTC complex are visible. The red granite-clad building right of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center. In the background is the Hudson River. MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1970 to 1973[I] Preceded by Empire State Building Surpassed by Willis Tower General information Status Destroyed Architectural style New Formalism (Buildings 1, 2, 4, 5, 6) Location Lower Manhattan, New York City Coordinates 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″WCoordinates: 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W Groundbreaking August 5, 1966 Construction started 1 WTC: August 6, 1968 2 WTC: January 1969 3 WTC: March 1979 4 WTC: 1974 5 WTC: 1970 6 WTC: 1969 7 WTC: October 2, 1984 Topped-out 1 WTC: December 23, 1970 2 WTC: July 19, 1971 Completed 1 WTC: 1972 2 WTC: April 4, 1973[1] 3 WTC: April 1, 1981 4 WTC: 1975 5 WTC: 1972 6 WTC: 1973 7 WTC: March 1987 Opening 1 WTC: December 15, 1970 2 WTC: January 1972 3 WTC: July 1, 1981[2] 4 WTC: January 1977 5 WTC: March 1972 6 WTC: January 1974 7 WTC: May 1987 Inaugurated April 4, 1973 Destroyed September 11, 2001; 21 years ago Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Other information Design and construction Architect(s) Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Developer Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Engineer Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson,[3] Leslie E. Robertson Associates Main contractor Tishman Realty & Construction Company References I. ^ "World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. [4][5] The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people.[6] The core complex was built between 1966 and 1975, at a cost of $400 million (equivalent to $3.56 billion in 2022[7]).[8] The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, and his brother Nelson signed the legislation to build it.[9][10] The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki.[11] In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.[12] During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic power of America.[13] Although its design was initially criticized by New York citizens and professional critics,[14] the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City.[15] It had a major role in popular culture, and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974.[16] Following the September 11 attacks, mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted, and several dozen "memorial films" were created.[17] The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975;[18] a bombing on February 26, 1993;[19] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998.[20] During the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets, one into each of the Twin Towers; between 16,400 and 18,000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck.[21] The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes' burning jet fuel, which, along with the initial damage to the buildings' structural columns, ultimately caused both towers to collapse.[22] The attacks killed 2,606 people in and around the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft.[23] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area. The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. On May 30, 2002, the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed.[24] A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have been opened. The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood.[25] One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m) and the lead building for the new complex, was completed in May 2013 and opened in November 2014. Before the World Trade Center Radio Row in 1936; Cortlandt Street station in background Lower Manhattan in 1980. The twin towers can be seen in the very background. Site The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second eighteenth-century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface.[26] Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually, the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., AN/ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business.[27] Establishment of the World Trade Center The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project,[28] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[29] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there.[30] Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; or the west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal.[31] Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[32] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[33] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[34] At the time, ridership on New Jersey's H&M Railroad had declined substantially—from a high of 113 million riders in 1927, to 26 million in 1958—after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River.[35] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the H&M Railroad. They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH.[34] With the new location and the Port Authority's acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[36] As part of the deal, the Port Authority renamed the H&M "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", or PATH for short.[37] To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement, the Port Authority gave each business $3,000 without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was.[38] The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965,[39] and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966.[40] It was completely demolished by the end of the year.[41] Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached whereby the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[42] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[43] Development Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center Design 4:15 Video of the World Trade Center in the 1970s, including scenes of its construction On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[44] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[45] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[46] Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[45][47] The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure.[48] His design included building facades clad in aluminum-alloy.[49] The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[50] He was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the building's design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.[51][52] A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers Schematic of the prefabricated composite floor truss system used in the construction of the towers A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service it, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.[53] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system,[54] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[55] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[56] The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the framed-tube structural system used in the twin towers.[57] The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[58] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes.[59] The exterior frame of the Twin Towers, 1979 The framed-tube design, introduced in the 1960s by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan,[60] was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[61][57] The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns.[57] The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[62] The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.[63] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not on the same floor.[59] Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways.[62][57] The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads, providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls.[64] The floors consisted of 4-inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors.[62] The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. Twin Tower framed tube structure Hat trusses (or "outrigger trusses") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[62] Only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had a spire antenna fitted, which was added in May 1979.[65][66][67] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.[62] The framed-tube design, using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire-resistant material, created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures, such as the Empire State Building that has thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements.[68] During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.[69] Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects.[70] One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sways. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications, reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.[71] Gallery World Trade Center lobby interior with large arched windows World Trade Center lobby interior with large arched windows   Exterior entrance arches with Ideogram sculpture Exterior entrance arches with Ideogram sculpture   Austin J. Tobin plaza with The Sphere sculpture in the center of plaza and South and North towers and WTC complex surrounding it Austin J. Tobin plaza with The Sphere sculpture in the center of plaza and South and North towers and WTC complex surrounding it   Exterior view from plaza Exterior view from plaza   Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in front Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in front Construction World Trade Center under construction in May 1970 In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[39] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for its construction.[40] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[72] The site of the World Trade Center was located on filled land with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.[73] To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out.[74] The slurry method selected by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the slurry out. It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed. It was necessary before the excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.[75] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000 m3) of excavated material were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City.[76][77] In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.[78] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968, and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[79] The original Hudson Tubes, which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service during the construction process until 1971, when a new station opened.[80] The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred on July 19, 1971.[79] Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,[81][5] while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972.[82] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.[83] The ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.[84] In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s, to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000 m2) superblock.[85][86] Criticism The WTC site building arrangement Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. Its site was the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation.[87] A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of an eminent domain.[88] The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court; it refused to hear the case.[89] Private real-estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector, when there was already a glut of vacancies.[90][91] The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only because the complex's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space cheaper than those for comparable space in other buildings.[92] Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a "mistaken social priority".[93] The World Trade Center's design aesthetics attracted criticism from the American Institute of Architects and other groups.[49][94] Lewis Mumford, author of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project, describing it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets".[95] The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in".[96] Many disliked the twin towers' narrow office windows, which were only 18 inches (46 cm) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots.[48] Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs argued the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy.[97] Some critics regarded the trade center's "superblock", replacing a more traditional, dense neighborhood, as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city".[86] Complex The World Trade Center complex housed more than 430 companies that were engaged in various commercial activities.[98] The complex hosted 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space,[99][100] which according to a 1970 account was supposed to accommodate 130,000 people.[6] On a typical weekday, an estimated 50,000 people worked in the complex and another 140,000 passed through as visitors.[98] The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048.[101] The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise. It became a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.[102] The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center, which David Rockefeller's brother Nelson Rockefeller had developed in midtown Manhattan.[103] North and South Towers View from the ground, 1999 South Tower lobby, overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony, 1988 North Tower lobby, looking south along the east side of the building, 2000 One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly referred to as the Twin Towers, were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls.[104][105] They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center.[79] Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center.[106] When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall[106] and featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m).[107] Chicago's Willis Tower, then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.[108] When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415 m). Its rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.[107] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale."[109] Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design of the twin towers when they were first announced, saying: "Here we have the world's daintiest architecture for the world's biggest buildings."[110][111] The twin towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building before the completion of the Sears Tower in 1973.[107] Their floor counts were not matched until the construction of the Sears Tower, and they were not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.[112][113] Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons.[114] Austin J. Tobin Plaza World Trade Center Plaza in 1976 The Austin J. Tobin Plaza in 1995, looking west toward the Vista Hotel which was in 3 World Trade Center The original World Trade Center had a five-acre (two-hectare) plaza around which all of the buildings in the complex, including the twin towers, were centered. World Trade Center officials had wanted the plaza to be a "contemplative space" or a Zen garden.[115] In 1982, the plaza was renamed after Port Authority's late chairman, Austin J. Tobin, who authorized the construction of the original World Trade Center.[116][117] During the summer, the Port Authority installed a portable stage, typically backed up against the North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers.[118] These series of concerts and events were called "CenterStage at the World Trade Center".[119] At the center of the plaza stood The Sphere, a sculpture surrounded by a fountain. The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram, Cloud Fortress, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing memorial fountain.[120] The plaza was pervaded by Muzak background music that came from installed loudspeakers.[121][122] For many years, the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers.[123] Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians' travel had to be aided by ropes.[124] In 1997 Tony May opened an Italian restaurant in the plaza next to 4 World Trade Center called "Gemelli".[125] The following year, he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called "Pasta Break".[126] On June 9, 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million in renovations.[127][128] This involved replacing marble pavers with over 40,000 gray and pink granite stones, as well as adding benches, planters, food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.[115] Top of the World observation deck Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower's roof, looking north toward Midtown Manhattan in 1984 Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured a public glass-enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open-air deck with the height of 110 stories.[129][130][131] The observation deck was operative since December 1975 and the opening times were from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. (June - August) and from 9:30 a.m. - 9:30 p.m. (September - May).[132][133] After paying an entrance fee in the second floor, visitors were required to pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[134] They were then sent to the 107th-floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m) by a dedicated express elevator.[130] The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them. In 1995, the Port Authority leased operation of the observatory to Ogden Entertainment, which decided to renovate it.[135] On April 30, 1997, the Top of the World tour reopened after renovations were finished.[136] Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors, which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages; a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around the city called "Manhattan Magic";[137][130][138] a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings; a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops.[137] The 107th-floor also featured a subway-themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park.[107][139] Weather permitting, visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th-floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m).[140][130][141] On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km).[107] An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing. This left the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.[139] Windows on the World Restaurant Main article: Windows on the World Windows on the World restaurant interior, 1999 Windows on the World, the restaurant on the North Tower's 106th and 107th floors,[142] opened in April 1976. It was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million.[143] As well as the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: Hors d'Oeuvrerie (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and Cellar in the Sky (a small wine bar).[144] Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly, who published a book on the course.[145] Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex.[143] On May 12, 1994, the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco, gave up its lease.[146] After its reopening on June 26, 1996, the Greatest Bar on Earth and Cellar in the Sky (reopened after Labor Day)[147] replaced the original restaurant offshoots.[144] In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue.[148] In 2000 (its last full year of operation), Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[149] The Skydive Restaurant, which was a 180-seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers, was also operated by Windows on the World.[144][150] In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl, a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations". She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality.[151] In his 2009 book Appetite, William Grimes wrote that, "At Windows, New York was the main course".[152] In 2014, Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory. He said, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy by-product of the vital institution it resided in."[153] Other buildings The World Financial Center and Battery Park City, next to the World Trade Center, were built on reclaimed land. Five smaller buildings stood on the 16-acre (65,000 m2) block.[154] One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel;[155] in 1995, it became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC).[154] Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC), which were steel-framed office buildings, also stood around the plaza.[156][157] 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service.[158] 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station, and 4 World Trade Center, located at the southeast corner,[157][159] housed the U.S. Commodities Exchange.[158] In 1987, construction was completed on a 47-floor office building, 7 World Trade Center, located to the north of the superblock.[160] Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall. It had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's PATH trains.[161][162] One of the world's largest gold depositories was located underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault.[163] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC. This included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.[164] Major events February 13, 1975 fire On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor. It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable insulation in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately; the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to fire damage on the 9th through the 14th floors, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of the floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.[18] On March 12, 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.[165] February 26, 1993 bombing Main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing Aftermath of the 1993 bombing The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.[19] The blast opened a 100 ft (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3.[166] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks, some from smoke inhalation.[167][168] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman[169] and four other individuals[170] were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing,[169][170] while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing.[171] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.[172] Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns.[173] The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and the loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged.[174] After the bombing, the Port Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells.[175] The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed.[176] A memorial to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool, was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast.[177] It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[178] January 14, 1998 robbery Main article: 1998 Bank of America robbery Looking up at the World Trade Center from Austin J. Tobin Plaza, 1995 In January 1998, Mafia member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower's 11th floor.[20] Other events On the morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. For his unauthorized feat 1,312 feet (400 m) above the ground, he rigged a 440-pound (200 kg) cable and used a custom-made 30-foot-long (9.1 m), 55-pound (25 kg) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire.[179] Though Petit was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct, he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park.[180] On February 20, 1981, an Aerolíneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower (1 WTC). The aircraft, which departed from José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and was scheduled to land at nearby JFK Airport, was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended.[181] The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower.[182] Seen from the Hudson River, April 2001 Proposed lease Slow leasing was a hallmark of the old World Trade Center complex. The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades. The complex achieved 95% occupancy only in mid-2001.[183] Following the Port Authority's approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center in the late 1990s,[184] they sought to lease it to a private entity in 2001. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust; a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties;[185] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.[12] Privatizing the World Trade Center would add it to the city's tax rolls[12] and provide funds for other Port Authority projects.[186] On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[187] Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[188] Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,[189] and closed on July 24, 2001.[190] Destruction Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center See also: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, and United Airlines Flight 175 A fireball rises in the immediate aftermath of United Airlines Flight 175 hitting the South Tower during the September 11 attacks. On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower[191] at 8:46:40 a.m.; the aircraft struck between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m.,[a] a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors.[196] The terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, carried out the attacks in retaliation for certain aspects of American foreign policy, particularly U.S. support of Israel and the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.[197] Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed to descend successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number (fewer than 700) were killed instantly or trapped.[198] At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane's impact, to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.[199] At 5:20 p.m.[200] on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center began to collapse with the crumbling of the east penthouse and collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m.[200] due to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.[201] World Trade Center site after 9/11 attacks, seen from above with original building locations outlined in yellow The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the two towers' collapse. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later demolished.[202] The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months.[203] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned because of the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011.[204][205] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage, and it was demolished and completely rebuilt.[206] In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could have been inside the World Trade Center. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated approximately 17,400 individuals were in the towers at the time of the attacks.[207] Ultimately, 2,753 death certificates (excluding those for hijackers) were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks. There were 2,192 civilians who died in and around the World Trade Center, including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. (an investment bank on the 101st to 105th floors of One World Trade Center),[208] 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies (located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 to 101, the location of Flight 11's impact), and 175 employees of Aon Corporation.[209] In addition to the civilian deaths, 414 sworn personnel were also killed: 343 New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighters, including 2 FDNY paramedics and 1 FDNY chaplain, and 71 law enforcement officers, including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Eight EMS personnel from private agencies also died in the attacks.[210][211][212] Ten years after the attacks, the remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified.[213] Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out alive.[214] New World Trade Center World Trade Center Towers One347Planned: 25 Other elements Liberty ParkNational September 11 Memorial & MuseumPATH StationPerforming Arts CenterOculusSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchVehicular Security Center Artwork America's Response MonumentAnne Frank treeONE: Union of the SensesThe Sphere History One WTC constructionOriginal complexWTC site vte Main article: World Trade Center (2001–present) Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[215] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design.[216] Memory Foundations, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[217] however, substantial changes were made to the design.[218] The National September 11 Memorial. The reflecting pools are on the site of the Twin Towers. Comparison of the pre-9/11 site (background) and planned rebuild (blue overlay) The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened on May 23, 2006.[219] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011,[220] and the museum opened on May 21, 2014.[221] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[222] 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[223] and 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018.[224] In November 2013, according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC would not be built to its full height until sufficient space was leased to make the building financially viable.[225] Above-ground construction of 5 WTC was also suspended due to a lack of tenants[226] as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.[227] In mid-2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned 2 WTC, to be designed by Bjarke Ingels and completed by 2020 with News Corp as anchor tenant.[228] Four years later, with no anchor tenant for 2 WTC, Silverstein expressed his intent to resume work on the tower regardless of whether a tenant had signed.[229] Legacy Main articles: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks and Post-9/11 On the surrounding community The World Trade Center, as seen from a nearby street in 2000 The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area's street grid, isolating the complex from the rest of the community.[85][230][231] The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center. The project involved combining the 12-block area bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets on the north, east, south, and west, respectively.[230][232] 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock's north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street. The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south.[233] The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets.[234] The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious,[235] with the design having had no public input.[236] By contrast, the rebuilding plans had significant public input.[237] The public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site.[236][230][238] One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street, one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center.[234] However, the Port Authority ultimately decided to rebuild Cortlandt, Fulton, and Greenwich Streets, which were destroyed during the original World Trade Center's construction.[230] As an icon of popular culture Main article: World Trade Center in popular culture The World Trade Center, as seen from Liberty Island in 1995 Before its destruction, the World Trade Center was a New York City icon, and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex. They were used in film and TV projects as "establishing shots", standing for New York City as a whole.[17] In 1999, one writer noted: "Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city's top ten attractions."[15] There were several high-profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center. The most notable was held at the original WTC in 1974. French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope,[239] as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008)[240] and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015).[241] Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable.[242][239] In 1975, Owen J. Quinn base-jumped from the roof of the North Tower and safely landed on the plaza between the buildings.[243] Quinn claimed that he was trying to publicize the plight of the poor.[243] On May 26, 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower.[244] He later said, "It looked unscalable; I thought I'd like to try it."[245][246] Six years later, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers.[247][248] The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture; in 2006, it was estimated that the World Trade Center had appeared in some form in 472 films.[17] Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center. Film critic David Sterritt, who lived near the complex, said that the World Trade Center's appearance in the 1978 film Superman "summarized a certain kind of American grandeur [...] the grandeur, I would say, of sheer American powerfulness". Remarking on the towers' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day, Sterritt said: "The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9/11. That became something that you couldn't do even retroactively after 9/11." Other motifs included romance, depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl, and corporate avarice, depicted in Wall Street (1987) and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990).[249] Comic books, animated cartoons, television shows, video games, and music videos also used the complex as a setting.[250] After the September 11 attacks See also: List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks and List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks 1973-1993 and 1993-2001 logos of the World Trade Center View of Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge, through which the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center are visible After the September 11 attacks, some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center.[251][252][253][254] For example, The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", which first aired in 1997, was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center.[255] Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer aired on radio, and the release dates of some films, such as the 2001–2002 films Sidewalks of New York; People I Know; and Spider-Man were delayed so producers could remove film and poster scenes that included the World Trade Center.[251][250] The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks, had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center.[251] Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts.[252] The production of some family-oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for the genre after the attacks. Demand for horror and action films decreased, but within a short time demand returned to normal.[254] By the attacks' first anniversary, over sixty "memorial films" had been created.[256] Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said "if we erase the towers from our art, we erase it [sic] from our memories".[257] Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, where historic mentions of events are retroactively "rectified".[258] Other filmmakers such as Michael Bay, who directed the 1998 film Armageddon, opposed retroactively removing references to the World Trade Center based on post-9/11 attitudes.[251] Oliver Stone's film World Trade Center—the first movie that specifically examined the attacks' effects on the World Trade Center as contrasted with the effects elsewhere—was released in 2006.[258] Several years after the attacks, works such as "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" were placed back in syndication. The National September 11 Museum has preserved many of the works that feature depictions of the original World Trade Center.[251] Logo The World Trade Center used two different logos over its lifetime. The first logo, used from 1973 to 1993, consisted of two open rectangles with one upside down. Following the complex's reopening after the 1993 bombing, a new logo was unveiled, consisting of the towers encircled by a globe. This logo was found throughout the complex and was printed on commemorative mugs given out to tenants with the caption "Welcome back to the World Trade Center".[259] Gallery World Trade Center exterior with Brooklyn Bridge in foreground. 1973 World Trade Center exterior with Brooklyn Bridge in foreground. 1973   World Trade Center exterior. Twilight view from harbor. 1976 World Trade Center exterior. Twilight view from harbor. 1976   View to the South from 1 World Trade Center in 1992 View to the South from 1 World Trade Center in 1992   View of Manhattan skyline from Brooklyn, 1978 View of Manhattan skyline from Brooklyn, 1978   The Twin Towers seen from Jersey City, 1978 The Twin Towers seen from Jersey City, 1978   Brooklyn Bridge and East River, 1982 Brooklyn Bridge and East River, 1982 See also Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks List of tallest freestanding steel structures List of tallest freestanding structures Notes  The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission report says 9:03:11,[192][193] NIST reports 9:02:59,[194] some other sources report 9:03:02.[195] References  Prial, Frank J. (April 5, 1973). "Govirnors Dedicate Trade Center Here; World Role Is Cited". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 13, 2021.  "The city's newest hotel, the Vista International, officially opened..." UPI. July 1, 1981. Retrieved May 23, 2018.  Nalder, Eric (February 27, 1993). "Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 6, 2021.  "World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.  "History of the Twin Towers". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2015.  Ferretti, Fred (October 28, 1970). "Its Ambiance Will Go From Snack to Posh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2023.  "Inflation Calculator".  Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 1, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.  "David and Nelson Rockefeller | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved October 3, 2021.  Dunlap, David W. (March 26, 2017). "What David Rockefeller Wanted Built Got Built". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 3, 2021.  "Minoru Yamasaki designed World Trade Center as "beacon of democracy"". Dezeen. September 10, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.  Cuozzo, Steve (January 30, 2001). "Larry Lusts for Twin Towers; Silverstein has an Eye on WTC's; Untapped Retail Potential". New York Post.  "9/11 FAQs | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  Stewart, Henry (September 8, 2016). "Why New Yorkers Couldn't Stand The Twin Towers". Gothamist. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  Gillespie (1999), p. 162.  Lichtenstein, Grace (August 8, 1974). "Stuntman, Eluding Guards, Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  Langmead (2009), p. 353.  "Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire". The New York Times. February 14, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2020.  Reeve, Simon (2002). The new jackals : Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-55553-509-4.  Reppetto, Thomas (2007). Bringing down the mob : the war against the American Mafia. New York Godalming: Henry Holt Melia distributor. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-8050-8659-1.  "What year was 9/11 - and what happened during terror attacks?". Nationalworld. September 8, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation". www.tms.org. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  "Man's death from World Trade Center dust brings Ground Zero toll to 2,753". NY Daily News. Associated Press. June 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2011.  Leduff, Charlie (May 29, 2002). "Last Steel Column From the Ground Zero Rubble Is Cut Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2021.  Handwerker, Haim (November 20, 2007). "The politics of remembering Ground Zero". Haaretz – Israel News. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2007.  "CNN: Pieces of ship made in 1700s found at ground zero building site". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2014.  Hartman, Amir (2004). Ruthless Execution: What Business Leaders Do When Their Companies Hit the Wall. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-13-101884-6.  "Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. July 6, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331.  "Lets Port Group Disband, State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation" (PDF). The New York Times. March 11, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331.  Gillespie (1999), pp. 32–33.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 56.  Gillespie (1999), pp. 34–35.  Gillespie (1999), p. 38.  Grutzner, Charles (December 29, 1961). "Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Cudahy (2002), p. 56.  Wright, George Cable (January 23, 1962). "2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 59.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 68.  Ingraham, Joseph C. (March 29, 1965). "Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Gillespie (1999), p. 61.  "'Radio Row:' The neighborhood before the World Trade Center". National Public Radio. June 3, 2002. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006.  Smith, Terence (August 4, 1966). "City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Smith, Terence (January 26, 1967). "Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Esterow, Milton (September 21, 1962). "Architect Named for Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 19, 1964). "A New Era Heralded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Gillespie (1999), p. 49.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 7.  Pekala, Nancy (November 1, 2001). "Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center". Journal of Property Management.  Huxtable, Ada Louise (May 29, 1966). "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Darton (1999), pp. 32–34.  Grudin, Robert (April 20, 2010). Design And Truth. Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-300-16203-5. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019.  Kerr, Laurie (December 28, 2001). "Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.  Goldberger (2004), p. 25.  Gillespie (1999), p. 75.  Gillespie (1999), pp. 75–78.  Ruchelman, Leonard I. (1977). The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-81562-180-5.  NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), p. 6.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 1.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), pp. 40–42.  Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008). "Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 20, 2019. The framed tube, which Khan developed for concrete structures, was applied to other tall steel buildings.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 2.33. ... the loads initially carried by the damaged exterior columns were transferred by Vierendeel truss action to the remaining exterior columns immediately adjacent to the impact area.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 10.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 8.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), pp. 8–9.  "New York: A Documentary Film – The Center of the World (Construction Footage)". Port Authority / PBS. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2007.  Fried, Joseph P. (May 31, 1979). "World Trade Center Still in Shadow". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 3, 2022. Manhattan — John De Smidt is positively insouciant as he and his construction crew climb still higher, erecting a 365‐foot television‐transmission antenna on the roof.  Roberts, Sam (March 25, 2019). "Peter B. Kaplan, a Photographer With Altitude, Is Dead at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2021.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 138.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 65.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), pp. 139–144.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), pp. 160–167.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 1.2.  Iglauer, Edith (November 4, 1972). "The Biggest Foundation". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 18, 2001.  Kapp, Martin S (July 9, 1964). "Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations". Engineering News-Record.  Gillespie (1999), p. 68.  Gillespie (1999), p. 71.  "New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing". Engineering News-Record. April 18, 1968.  "Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331.  "Timeline: World Trade Center chronology". PBS – American Experience. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.  Carroll, Maurice (December 30, 1968). "A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Lew, H. S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. xxxvi.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. xxxvi.  Cudahy (2002), p. 58.  Gillespie (1999), p. 134.  Nobel, Philip (2005). Sixteen acres : architecture and the outrageous struggle for the future of Ground Zero. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Co. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8050-7494-9.  Mumford, Lewis (1974). The Pentagon of Power. The Myth of the Machine. Vol. II. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-671610-9.  Gillespie (1999), pp. 42–44.  Clark, Alfred E. (June 27, 1962). "Injunction Asked on Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Arnold, Martin (November 13, 1963). "High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Gillespie (1999), pp. 49–50.  Knowles, Clayton (February 14, 1964). "New Fight Begun on Trade Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Jaffe, Eric (September 12, 2012). "The World Trade Center's Rocky Real Estate History". The Atlantic Cities. Atlantic Media Company. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.  "Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. November 12, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331.  Steese, Edward (March 10, 1964). "Marring City's Skyline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Whitman, Alden (March 22, 1967). "Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Geist, William (February 27, 1985). "About New York: 39 years observing the observers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2019.  Alexiou, Alice (2006). Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8135-3792-4.  "List of World Trade Center tenants". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2019.  Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2008.  "Ford recounts details of Sept. 11". Real Estate Weekly. BNET. February 27, 2002. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2009.  Olshan, Jeremy (February 4, 2003). "'Not Deliverable';Mail still says 'One World Trade Center'". Newsday (New York).  Gillespie (1999), p. 5.  Tyson, Peter (April 30, 2002). "Twin Towers of Innovation — NOVA | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.  NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), pp. 5–6.  Taylor, R. E. (December 1966). "Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center". Journal of the Structural Division. 92 (ST–6): 75–91. doi:10.1061/JSDEAG.0001571.  "The World Trade Center: Statistics and History". Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.  McDowell, Edwin (April 11, 1997). "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.  "Willis Tower Building Information". Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2008.  "1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height". Engineering News-Record. August 16, 1999. Archived from the original on June 11, 2002.  Huxtable, Ada Louise (May 29, 1966). "Architecture; Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Bldgs? Architecture Big". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 21, 2022.  Lange, Alexandra (September 8, 2021). "How To Remember Minoru Yamasaki's Twin Towers". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 21, 2022.  "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulf News. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.  "World's tallest building opens in Dubai". BBC News. January 4, 2010. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2010.  Eagar, Thomas W.; Musso, Christopher (2001). "Why did the world trade center collapse? Science, engineering, and speculation". JOM. Springer Nature. 53 (12): 8–11. Bibcode:2001JOM....53l...8E. doi:10.1007/s11837-001-0003-1. ISSN 1047-4838. S2CID 56119666.  Finkelstein, Katherine E. (June 20, 1999). "From Zen Garden to Piazza, A Plaza Gets a New Look". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2022.  Gillespie (1999), p. 123.  "Bench, Recovered". National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Retrieved October 16, 2021.  Gillespie (1999), p. 214.  "Onstage at the Twin Towers Announces Summer 2001 Schedule -- Four Months of Free Music, Dance, Theatre Performances Begin June 8" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved July 21, 2022.  Wenegrat, Saul (February 28, 2002). "September 11th: ART LOSS, DAMAGE, AND REPERCUSSIONS Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002". ifar.org. International Foundation For Art Research. Retrieved December 2, 2017.  Belgiojoso, Ricciarda (2016). Constructing Urban Space with Sounds and Music. Abingdon-on-Thames and New York City: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9781317161387. Retrieved January 16, 2022.  Goodman, Leah McGrath (September 7, 2016). "9/11-related cancer and other diseases are surging". Newsweek. Retrieved September 11, 2022.  Dunlap, David W. (December 7, 2006). "At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.  Dunlap, David W. (March 25, 2004). "Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2017.  Fabricant, Florence (September 24, 1997). "Off the Menu". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2022.  Belkin, Lisa (October 14, 2001). "Workers Try to Find Solidarity After a Loss". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2022.  "World Trade Center Plaza Reopens with Summer-long Performing Arts Festival" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 9, 1999. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008.  Louie, Elaine (July 8, 1999). "Currents: Renovations; What Happened When the World Trade Center Lost Its Marbles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 24, 2022.  "The Experience Information". Top of The World Trade Center. Archived from the original on October 8, 2000. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 2005, p. 158.  NIST NCSTAR 1 2005, p. 58.  "World Trade Center Facts and Figures". 911memorial.org. Retrieved January 3, 2022. From the opening day of the South Tower Observation Deck in December 1975 through close of business on the night of September 10, 2001, more than 46.3 million visitors experienced the views from the tower's summit.  "Ticket Information". Top of The World Trade Center. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  Onishi, Norimitsu (February 24, 1997). "Metal Detectors, Common at Other City Landmarks, Are Not Used". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2008.  Levy, Clifford J. (March 10, 1995). "Trade Center To Modernize Viewing Deck". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved February 9, 2022.  McDowell, Edwin (April 11, 1997). "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices". The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved February 9, 2022.  "Visitor Information". Top of The World Trade Center. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  Jacobs, Karrie (May 12, 1997). "Seen It All". New York Magazine. New York City. pp. 20–21. Retrieved July 17, 2022.  Darton (1999), p. 152.  "Amenities and Services". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 25, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  Adams, Arthur (1996). The Hudson River Guidebook. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8232-1680-2.  "Fine Dining, Eateries/Specialty Foods". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 9, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  Zraly, Kevin (2006). Windows on the world complete wine course. New York: Sterling Epicure. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-4549-2106-6.  Grimes, William (September 19, 2001). "Windows That Rose So Close To the Sun". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2017.  Zraly, Kevin (2011). Kevin Zraly's Complete Wine Course. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4027-8793-5.  Miller, Bryan (May 13, 1994). "Familiar Face Behind New 'Windows'". The New York Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 26, 2022.  Siano, Joseph (June 23, 1996). "TRAVEL ADVISORY;World Trade Center Restaurant to Reopen". The New York Times. p. 3. Retrieved January 1, 2022.  Grimes, William (June 9, 1999). "RESTAURANTS; In a Cozy Cabin Amid the Shooting Stars". The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved January 1, 2022.  Greenhouse, Steven (June 4, 2002). "Windows on the World Workers Say Their Boss Didn't Do Enough". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.  Roston, Tom (2019). The Most Spectacular Restaurant in the World: The Twin Towers, Windows on the World, and the Rebirth of New York. New York City: Abrams Books. ISBN 978-1-4197-3799-2. Retrieved July 18, 2022.  Reichl, Ruth (December 31, 1997). "Restaurants; Food That's Nearly Worthy of the View". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.  Grimes, William (October 13, 2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-42999-027-1.  Sutton, Ryan (June 30, 2015). "Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade". Eater NY. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.  Gillespie (1999), p. 226.  "Hotel In The Trade Center Greets Its First 100 Guests". The New York Times. April 2, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2018.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study 2002, p. 4.1.  "The World Trade Center Complex". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on September 7, 2001. Retrieved December 20, 2021.  Landesman, Linda Y; Weisfuse, Isaac B. (2013). Case Studies in Public Health Preparedness and Response to Disasters. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 210. ISBN 9781449645205.  Gillespie (1999), p. 62.  "History of the World Trade Center". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 114.  Gillespie (1999), p. 217.  Gold, Recovery of The Towers' buried treasure Archived February 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, NY Mag, August 27, 2011  Rediff.com. Reuters, November 17, 2001: Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2008.  Goodwin, Michael (March 13, 1981). "TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 9, 2022.  Lew, H.S.; Richard W. Bukowski; Nicholas J. Carino (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. xlv.  Mathews, Tom (March 8, 1993). "A Shaken City's Towering Inferno". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.  Barbanel, Josh (February 27, 1993). "Tougher Code May Not Have Helped". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Fried, Joseph P. (January 18, 1996). "Sheik Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Hays, Tom & Larry Neumeister (May 25, 1994). "In Sentencing Bombers, Judge Takes Hard Line". Seattle Times / AP. Archived from the original on June 26, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  "Jury convicts 2 in Trade Center blast". CNN. November 12, 1997. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  "Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers". CNN. August 5, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Port Authority Risk Management Staff. "The World Trade Center Complex" (PDF). United States Fire Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.  Ramabhushanam, Ennala & Marjorie Lynch (1994). "Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 8 (4): 229–242. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1994)8:4(229).  Amy, James D. Jr. (December 2006). "Escape from New York – The Use of Photoluminescent Pathway-marking Systems in High-Rise". Emerging Trends. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. Issue 8. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Evans, David D.; Richard D. Peacock; Erica D. Kuligowski; W. Stuart Dols; William L. Grosshandler (September 2005). Active Fire Protection Systems (NCSTAR 1–4) (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2015.  Dwyer, Jim (February 26, 2002). "Their Monument Now Destroyed, 1993 Victims Are Remembered". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  "Remembering the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing". New York Daily News. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.  Lichtenstein, Grace (August 8, 1974). "Stuntman, Eluding Guards, Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2020.  "Aerialist a Hit in Central Park". The New York Times. August 30, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2020.  Witkin, Richard (February 27, 1981). "Jet Crew to be Asked about Near Miss". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.  Byrne, Robert (September 19, 1995). "Kasparov Gets Pressure, but No Victory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2008.  Grant, Peter (September 11, 2018). "New York's World Trade Center Struggles to Fill Office Space". Wall Street Journal.  Herman, Eric (February 6, 2001). "PA to ease WTC tax load, rent would be cut to offset hike by city". New York Daily News.  Bagli, Charles V. (January 31, 2001). "Bidding for Twin Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Herman, Eric (January 31, 2001). "Port Authority Gets Final Bids on WTC". New York Daily News.  "Brookfield Loses Lease Bid". Toronto Star. February 23, 2001.  Bagli, Charles V. (March 20, 2001). "As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Bagli, Charles V. (April 27, 2001). "Deal Is Signed To Take Over Trade Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Smothers, Ronald (July 25, 2001). "Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.  Moghadam, Assaf (2008). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Johns Hopkins University. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8018-9055-0.  Final Report of the 9/11 Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (PDF) (Report). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 22, 2004. pp. 7–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.  Staff Report of the 9/11 Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (PDF) (Report). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005 [August 26, 2004]. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2021.  Building and Fire Research Laboratory (September 2005). Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, and Timeline Analysis (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (Report). United States Department of Commerce. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.  "Timeline for United Airlines Flight 175". NPR. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.  "The 9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 27, 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2015.  Dwyer, Jim; Lipton, Eric; et al. (May 26, 2002). "102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.  Lipton, Eric (July 22, 2004). "Study Maps the Location of Deaths in the Twin Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.  NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), pp. 34, 45–46.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), pp. 5.23 to 5. 24.  "Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 – Draft for Public Comment" (PDF). NIST. August 2008. pp. xxxii. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2008.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), pp. 3.1, 4.1  "The Last Steel Column". The New York Times. May 30, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2010.  World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 6.1.  "The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2007.  Shapiro, Julie (August 27, 2012). "Students Return to Rebuilt Fiterman Hall 11 Years After 9/11". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.  Averill, Jason D.; et al. (2005). "Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications" (PDF). Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2016.  "Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses". BBC News. London. September 4, 2006. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.  Siegel, Aaron (September 11, 2007). "Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary". InvestmentNews. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2008.  Grady, Denise; Revkin, Andrew C. (September 10, 2002). "Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2008.  "Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes". USA Today. Washington DC. Associated Press. August 19, 2002. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2008.  "Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare". CNN. July 21, 2002. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.  Lemre, Jonathan (August 24, 2011). "Remains of WTC worker Ernest James, 40, ID'd ten years after 9/11". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.  Denerstein, Robert (August 4, 2006). "Terror in close-up". Rocky Mountain News. Denver, CO. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2008.  Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A Nation Challenged; Downtown; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2010.  McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.  "Refined Master Site Plan for the World Trade Center Site". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.  Dunlap, David W. (June 12, 2012). "1 World Trade Center Is a Growing Presence, and a Changed One". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2012.  "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.  NY1 News (September 12, 2011). "Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9/11 Memorial". Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.  "National September 11 Memorial Museum opens". Fox NY. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.  "World Trade Center Reopens for Business". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.  "|| World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. December 31, 2013. Archived from the original on September 9, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2014.  "3 World Trade Center Opens Today: Here's a Look Inside". Commercial Observer. June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.  Levitt, David M. (November 12, 2013). "NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.  Minchom, Clive (November 12, 2013). "New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline". Jewish Business News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.  "The looming World Trade Center 'stalemate'". Downtown Express. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.  "2 World Trade Center Office Space – World Trade Center". Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.  Katz, Lily (February 11, 2019). "Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.  Dunlap, David W. (August 1, 2014). "At World Trade Center Site, Rebuilding Recreates Intersection of Long Ago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 64.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 65.  Sagalyn, L.B. (2016). Power at Ground Zero: Politics, Money, and the Remaking of Lower Manhattan. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-060704-3. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Dunlap, David W. (November 24, 2005). "Does Putting Up a Glass Galleria Count as Bringing Back a Street?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Klerks, Jan (2011). "Planning the World Trade Center 40 Years Apart". CTBUH Journal. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (3): 29. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2018.  "WTC will be test for urbanism". CNU. September 1, 2002. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  "Ground Zero - The Stakeholders - Sacred Ground - FRONTLINE". PBS. July 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Greenspan, E. (2013). Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center. St. Martin's Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-230-34138-8. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 219.  "Wire-walk film omits 9/11 tragedy". BBC News. August 2, 2008. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.  McNarry, Dave (June 25, 2015). "Joseph Gordon-Levitt's 'The Walk' Running Early at Imax Locations". Variety. (Penske Media Corporation). Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.  "He Had New York At His Feet". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2015.  Gillespie 1999, pp. 142–143.  "Fun Facts". Top of The World Trade Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2000. Retrieved January 20, 2022.  Gillespie (1999), p. 149.  Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 218.  "Skyscrapers". National Geographic: 169. February 1989.  "Skyscraper Defense". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.  Poulou, Penelope (August 29, 2011). "New York's Twin Towers Appear in Many Hollywood Films". VOANews.com. Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.  Langmead (2009), p. 354.  Mashberg, Tom (September 10, 2019). "After Sept. 11, Twin Towers Onscreen Are a Tribute and a Painful Reminder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 13, 2019.  Bahr, Lindsay (January 21, 2013). "Television's uneasy relationship with the World Trade Center". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.  Lemire, Christy (September 13, 2011). "Twin towers erased from some films after 9/11". Today.com. NBC News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.  Dixon (2004), p. 4.  Snierson, Dan (March 27, 2011). "'Simpsons' exec producer Al Jean: 'I completely understand' if reruns with nuclear jokes are pulled". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.  Dixon (2004), p. 5.  Kempley, Rita (May 10, 2002). "The unusual suspects". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.  Langmead (2009), p. 355.  "A Mixed Welcome: Stories Behind the WTC "Welcome Back" Mugs | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Retrieved February 24, 2023. Bibliography Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-82890-257-1, OCLC 911046235 Darton, Eric (1999). Divided we stand : a biography of New York's World Trade Center. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01727-0. Dixon, W.W. (2004). Film and Television After 9/11. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2556-6. Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2742-0. Glanz, James & Lipton, Eric (2003). City in the Sky. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7691-2. Goldberger, Paul (2004). Up from Zero: Politics, Architecture, and the Rebuilding of New York. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-58836-422-7. Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood icons. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Retrieved March 1, 2018. "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2019. Design and Construction of Structural Systems. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). September 2005. Fanella, David A.; Derecho, Arnaldo T.; Ghosh, S.K. (September 2005). "Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1A)" (PDF). Nist. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Lew, Hai S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1)" (PDF). Nist. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Gross, John L.; McAllister, Therese P. (September 2005). "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 1–6)" (PDF). Nist. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder; Richard G. Gann; William L. Grosshandler; Hai S. Lew; Richard W. Bukowski; Fahim Sadek; Frank W. Gayle; John L. Gross; Therese P. McAllister (September 2005). Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower (NIST NCSTAR 1) (PDF). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center (1970–2001). World Trade Center – Silverstein Properties World Trade Center (1997) - World Trade Center (2001) – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey World Trade Center at Curlie Building the Twin Towers: A Tribute – slideshow by Life magazine New York: A Documentary film features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns. Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970 Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-6369, "World Trade Center Site", 103 photos, 21 data pages, 8 photo caption pages Records Preceded by Empire State Building Tallest building in the world 1970–1974 (North Tower) Succeeded by Willis Tower Tallest building in the United States 1970–1974 (North Tower) Tallest building with the most floors 1970–2001 Tallest building in New York City 1970–2001 (North Tower) Succeeded by Empire State Building Tallest building with the most floors ever 1970–2008 Succeeded by Burj Khalifa Preceded by City National Plaza Tallest twin towers in the world 1970–1998 Succeeded by Petronas Towers vte World Trade Center First WTC (1973–2001) ConstructionTowers 1234567Windows on the WorldMallThe BathtubTenants 124567 Art and memorials 1993 World Trade Center Bombing MemorialBent PropellerIdeogramSky Gate, New YorkThe SphereThe World Trade Center TapestryWorld Trade Center Plaza Sculpture Major events February 26, 1993 bombingJanuary 14, 1998 robberySeptember 11, 2001 attacks CollapseTimelineVictimsAftermathRescue and recovery effortNIST report on collapseDeutsche Bank BuildingSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC (2001–present) Site, towers, and structures One ConstructionTenants23457Perelman Performing Arts CenterVehicular Security CenterLiberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchWestfield MallArtwork (ONE: Union of the Senses) Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation HubNew York City Subway stations Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, ​3​, A, ​C, ​E​, ​N, ​R, and ​W trains)WTC Cortlandt (1 train)Fulton Street (2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C​, J, and ​Z trains)Fulton Center Corbin BuildingDey Street Passageway 9/11 memorials 9/11 Tribute MuseumNational September 11 Memorial & Museum CompetitionMemory FoundationsTribute in LightAmerica's Response MonumentEmpty SkyTo the Struggle Against World TerrorismPostcards memorialThe Rising memorialRelics from original WTC The SphereCrossSurvivors' Staircase People Minoru YamasakiDavid RockefellerNelson RockefellerEmery Roth & SonsAustin J. TobinChristopher O. WardLarry SilversteinDavid ChildsMichael AradTHINK TeamDaniel LibeskindLeslie E. RobertsonWelles Crowther Other Port Authority of New York and New JerseySilverstein PropertiesProject RebirthTake Back The MemorialWTC in popular culture FilmMusic9/11-related mediaSilver dollar10048 ZIP codeFormer: IFCTwin Towers 2 Brookfield Place 200 Liberty Street225 Liberty Street200 Vesey Street250 Vesey StreetWinter Garden AtriumOne North End Avenue Other nearby structures 90 West Street200 West StreetBarclay–Vesey BuildingPark51West Street pedestrian bridges vte September 11 attacks Timeline PlanningSeptember 11, 2001World Trade Center collapseRemainder of SeptemberOctoberPost-October Victims CasualtiesList A–GH–NO–Z Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11United Airlines Flight 175American Airlines Flight 77United Airlines Flight 93Suspected hijackings Korean Air Flight 085Delta Air Lines Flight 1989 Crash sites World Trade Center World Trade Center siteThe PentagonStonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania Aftermath Immediate repercussions artwork destroyedclosings and cancellationsdetentionsCommunicationPost-9/11 economylocal healthairport securityReactions conspiracy theoriesRudy GiulianiUnsuccessful terrorist plots Response U.S. government responseU.S. military response War on TerrorAfghanistanNorth-West PakistanRescue and recovery effort maritime responseFinancial assistanceOperation SUPPORTOperation Yellow RibbonMemorials and services 9/11 Memorial and MuseumFlight 93 National MemorialPentagon MemorialVictims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon MemorialWorld Trade Center Health ProgramKilling of Osama bin LadenKilling of Ayman al-Zawahiri Perpetrators ResponsibilityAl-QaedaOsama bin LadenAlleged Saudi roleMotivesHijackers 20th hijackerHamburg cellTrials Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry the 28 pagesSeptember 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warningPhoenix Memo9/11 Commission Commission ReportcriticismNIST investigationPENTTBOMThinThread Cultural effects Cultural references songscomicsbooksCartoonists Remember 9/11Entertainment affectedHumorLost artworksClear Channel memorandum Miscellaneous War gamesPatriot DayThe Falling ManImpending DeathDust LadyRaising the Flag at Ground ZeroView from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11Tourist Guy hoaxIraq WarTwin Towers IIDisappearance of Sneha Anne PhilipMurder of Balbir Singh SodhiKilling of Henryk SiwiakRudi DekkersAlicia Esteve HeadJersey GirlsMedia documentation  Category WikiProject Links to related articles vte Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan Lower Manhattan below 14th St (CB 1, 2, 3) Alphabet CityBattery Park CityBoweryChinatownCivic CenterCooperative VillageEast VillageEssex CrossingFinancial DistrictGreenwich VillageHudson SquareLittle AustraliaLittle FuzhouLittle ItalyLoisaidaLower East SideMeatpacking DistrictNoHoNolitaSoHoSouth Street Seaport South VillageTribecaTwo BridgesWest VillageWorld Trade Center Midtown Manhattan (CB 5) Columbus CircleDiamond DistrictFlatiron DistrictGarment DistrictHerald SquareKoreatownMadison SquareMidtown SouthNoMadSilicon AlleyTheater DistrictTimes Square West Side (CB 4, 7) ChelseaHell's KitchenHudson Yards developmentLincoln SquareManhattan ValleyPenn SouthPomander WalkRiverside SouthUpper West Side East Side (CB 6, 8) Carnegie HillGramercy ParkKips BayLenox HillMurray HillPeter Cooper VillageRose HillStuyvesant SquareStuyvesant TownSutton PlaceTudor CityTurtle BayUnion SquareUpper East SideWaterside PlazaYorkville Upper Manhattan above 110th St (CB 9, 10, 11, 12) Astor RowEast HarlemFort GeorgeHamilton HeightsHarlemHudson HeightsInwoodLe Petit SenegalManhattanvilleMarble Hill (Bx CB 8)Mount Morris ParkMorningside HeightsSugar HillSylvanWashington Heights Islands Ellis Island (CB 1)Governors Island (CB 1)Liberty Island (CB 1)Randalls Island (CB 11)Roosevelt Island (CB 8)Wards Island (CB 11) Former Five Points (CB 3)Gas House District (CB 6)Jones's Wood (CB 8)Ladies' Mile (CB 5)Little Germany (CB 3)Little Spain (CB 4)Little Syria (CB 1)Manhattantown (CB 7)Radio Row (CB 1)San Juan Hill (CB 7)Seneca VillageTenderloin (CB 4) Community boards: 123456789101112 Joint interest area:64 (Central Park) vte Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Seaports Cargo Howland HookPort JerseyPort Newark–ElizabethRed Hook Passenger Brooklyn Cruise TerminalCape Liberty Airports Atlantic CityKennedyLaGuardiaNewark LibertyStewartTeterboroDowntown Manhattan Heliport Bridges and tunnels Bayonne BridgeGeorge Washington BridgeGoethals BridgeHolland TunnelLincoln TunnelOuterbridge Crossing Rail Passenger AirTrain JFKAirTrain LaGuardia (proposed)AirTrain NewarkGateway Project (proposed)Newark Airport StationPATH Freight Greenville YardExpressRailNYNJ Rail Bus stations GWB Bus StationJournal Square Transportation CenterPort Authority Bus Terminal Roadways Dyer AvenueHolland Tunnel RotaryGeorge Washington Bridge PlazaJFK ExpresswayLincoln Tunnel ExpresswayLincoln Tunnel HelixTrans-Manhattan Expressway Other 178th–179th Street TunnelsBathgate Industrial ParkBattery Park City Ferry TerminalEssex County Resource Recovery FacilityMilitary Ocean Terminal at BayonneMoynihan Train HallNewark Legal CenterPANYNJ Police DepartmentTeleportQueens WestWorld Trade Center (2001–present) Historical 111 Eighth AvenueHudson TerminalWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) vte Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (c. 1643)Trinity Church (85 m) (1846)New York World Building (94 m) (1890)Manhattan Life Insurance Building (100 m) (1894)Park Row Building (119 m) (1899)Singer Building (187 m) (1908)Metropolitan Life Tower (213 m) (1909)Woolworth Building (241 m) (1913)40 Wall Street (283 m) (1930)Chrysler Building (320 m) (1930)Empire State Building (443 m) (1931)World Trade Center (526 m) (1973)Empire State Building (443 m) (2001)One World Trade Center (541 m) (2014) vte Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller) Completed Asia China (including Hong Kong) Bank of China TowerBaoneng CenterCentral PlazaChangsha A9 Financial DistrictChangsha IFS Tower T1China Resources HeadquartersChina World Trade Center Tower IIIChina ZunChongqing IFS T1Chongqing World Financial CenterCITIC PlazaDalian International Trade CenterDiwang International Fortune CenterDongguan International Trade Center 1East Pacific CenterEton Place DalianFortune CenterGate to the EastGolden Eagle Tiandi Tower AGolden Eagle Tiandi Tower BGreenland Puli CenterGuangxi China Resources TowerGuangzhou CTF Finance CentreGuangzhou International Finance CenterGuiyang International Financial Center Tower 1Hanking CenterHeartland 66 Office TowerHon Kwok City CenterHuaguoyuan Tower 1Huaguoyuan Tower 2International Commerce CentreInternational Finance CentreJiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central PlazaJin Mao TowerJin Wan Plaza 9Jinan Center Financial CityKK100Leatop PlazaLogan Century Center 1Longxi International HotelMinsheng Bank BuildingNanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1Nina TowerOne Shenzhen BayPearl River TowerPing An International Finance CentreThe CenterThe PinnacleShanghai TowerShanghai World Financial CenterShenglong Global CenterShenzhen CenterShenzhen CFC Changfu CentreShimao Hunan CenterShimao International PlazaShum Yip Upperhills Tower 1Shun Hing SquareSpring City 66Suning Plaza 1, WuxiSuning Plaza Tower 1, ZhenjiangSuzhou IFSTianjin CTF Finance CentreTianjin Modern City Office TowerTianjin World Financial CenterWanda PlazaWenzhou World Trade CenterWhite Magnolia PlazaWuhan CenterWuhan Greenland CenterWuxi IFSWuxi Maoye City – Marriott HotelXi'an Glory International Financial CenterYantai Shimao No.1 The HarbourYuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1Zhongzhou Holdings Financial CenterZhuhai TowerZhujiang New City TowerZifeng Tower Middle East 23 MarinaAbraj Al BaitAddress BoulevardAddress DowntownADNOC HeadquartersAl Hamra TowerAlmas TowerArraya TowerAspire TowerBurj Al ArabBurj KhalifaCayan TowerDAMAC ResidenzeElite ResidenceEmirates Office TowerEtihad TowersGevora HotelHHHR TowerThe IndexJumeirah Emirates Towers HotelJW Marriott Marquis DubaiKingdom CentreThe LandmarkMarina 101The Marina TorchOcean HeightsPIF TowerPrincess TowerRose TowerWorld Trade Center Abu Dhabi Other 85 Sky TowerAbeno HarukasAbu Dhabi PlazaAzabudai Hills Mori JP TowerBaiyoke Tower IIThe Exchange 106Four Seasons Place Kuala LumpurHaeundae Doosan We've the ZenithHaeundae LCT The SharpICONSIAMKeangnam Hanoi Landmark TowerLandmark 81Lotte World TowerMahaNakhonMetrobank CenterParc1Petronas TowersPosco Tower-SongdoTaipei 101Telekom Tower Australia Australia 108Q1 Tower Europe City of CapitalsEurasiaFederation TowerLakhta CenterMercury City TowerNeva Towers 2OKO TowerThe ShardVarso Tower North America 1 Manhattan West111 West 57th Street3 World Trade Center30 Hudson Yards35 Hudson Yards432 Park Avenue50 Hudson Yards53W53875 North Michigan AvenueAon CenterBank of America PlazaBank of America TowerCentral Park TowerChrysler BuildingComcast Technology CenterEmpire State BuildingFranklin CenterJPMorgan Chase TowerOne57One VanderbiltOne World Trade CenterSalesforce TowerSt. Regis ChicagoThe Brooklyn TowerThe New York Times BuildingThe SpiralTorres ObispadoTrump International Hotel and TowerTwo Prudential PlazaU.S. Bank TowerWells Fargo PlazaWillis TowerWilshire Grand CenterWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) † South America Gran Torre Santiago † No longer standing. Under construction Africa Iconic Tower Asia China Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1Evergrande CenterEye of Spring Trade CenterGreenland Group Suzhou CenterHaikou TowerNanjing World Trade Center Tower 1Ningbo CenterNorth Bund CentreShandong IFCSouth Asian GateSuzhou Zhongnan CenterTianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28Wuhan CTF Finance CenterXi'an Greenland CenterXiamen International CentreXiangmi Lake New Financial Center Other Legacy TowerMerdeka 118One BangkokTaipei Twin TowersThamrin NineTorch Tower Europe One Tower North America 270 Park AvenueThe OneWaldorf Astoria Miami On hold 2 World Trade Center45 Broad StreetBaoneng Shenyang Global Financial CenterBusan Lotte Town TowerChengdu Greenland TowerChongqing Tall TowerDalian Greenland CenterDiamond Tower (Jeddah)Dubai PearlDubai Towers DohaForum 66Gate of KuwaitGoldin Finance 117Hyundai Global Business CenterJeddah TowerLamar TowersMandarin Oriental ChengduMarina 106Namaste TowerNanjing Olympic Suning TowerPalais Royale, MumbaiPentominiumRunhua Global Center 1Ryugyong HotelSino-Steel TowerSkycityThe SkyscraperSquare Capital TowerThe Stratford ResidencesTameer Commercial TowerTianjin R&F Guangdong TowerTour Financial Hub CenterTower InfinityVietinBank Business Center Office Tower See alsoProposed supertall skyscrapersList of architects of supertall buildings vte Minoru Yamasaki Skyscrapers One Woodward Avenue (1963)IBM Building (1963)The Century Plaza Hotel (1966)M&T Bank Center, Buffalo (1967)World Trade Center Tower 1, Tower 2, Buildings 4, 5 and 6 (1970–1971)Montgomery Ward Corporate Headquarters Tower (1972)Century Plaza Towers (1975)Bank of Oklahoma (1977)Rainier Bank Tower (1977)Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (1978)100 Washington Square (1981)Torre Picasso (1988)Columbia Center (1989–2000) Robertson Hall showing arches and flat roof Airports St. Louis Lambert International Airport main terminal (1956)Dhahran International Airport terminal (1961)Eastern Airlines terminal at Logan Airport (1969)King Fahd International Airport master plan (1977) Houses of worship North Shore Congregation Israel (1964)Temple Beth El (1974)Shinji Shumeikai Founder's Hall (1982) Other buildings Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building annex (1951)Pruitt–Igoe housing project (1954)Grosse Pointe University School (1954)Military Personnel Records Center (1955)McGregor Memorial Conference Center (1957)Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex (1959)Pacific Science Center (1962)Irwin Library at Butler University (1963)Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1963)Northwestern National Life Building (1965)Robertson Hall at Princeton University (1965)Quo Vadis Entertainment Center (1966)Dr. John Archer Library (1967)Japan Center (1968)Tulsa Performing Arts Center (1976)Istanbul Cevahir (1987) Landscape architecture Wascana Centre and University of Regina - Regina Campus (1961–1967) List of works by Minoru Yamasaki Authority control Edit this at Wikidata International VIAFWorldCat National FranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesCzech Republic Geographic Structurae Categories: World Trade CenterAmerican Airlines Flight 111973 establishments in New York City2001 disestablishments in New York (state)Buildings and structures demolished in 2001Office buildings completed in 1973Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacksDemolished buildings and structures in ManhattanFinancial District, ManhattanFormer skyscrapersFormer world's tallest buildingsHistoric American Buildings Survey in New York CityHistory of New York CityMinoru Yamasaki buildingsModernist architecture in New York CityPort Authority of New York and New JerseySkyscraper office buildings in ManhattanTwin towersUnited Airlines Flight 175World Trade Centers
  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Modified Item: No

PicClick Insights - 9/11 Gold Silber 3D Münze 11. September Eine Welt Handelszentrum magnetischer Stand Up PicClick Exklusiv

  •  Popularität - 6 Beobachter, 0.4 neue Beobachter pro Tag, 14 days for sale on eBay. Super hohe beobachtend. 0 verkauft, 1 verfügbar.
  •  Bestpreis -
  •  Verkäufer - 3.187+ artikel verkauft. 0.3% negativ bewertungen. Großer Verkäufer mit sehr gutem positivem Rückgespräch und über 50 Bewertungen.

Die Leute Mochten Auch PicClick Exklusiv